| 23) Ambrosini GL (2008) | No cohort name. | 1985 blue asbestos-exposed men.
(Australia) | Median 12.7
(1990-96 to 2004) | 97 | Prostate cancer incidence | Broccoli |
RR = 0.56 (0.31-1.02; P = 0.056) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serves per week):
0-0.3: RR = 1.
> 0.3-1.5: RR = 0.80 (0.50-1.26).
> 1.5: RR = 0.56 (0.31-1.02).
One serve = 1/2 cup. | Age, total fruit and vegetable intake, randomly assigned retinol or beta carotene supplement and source fo crocidolite exposure. |
| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Broccoli |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.91 (0.77-1.06; P = 0.19) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.99 (0.86-1.14).
1/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.80-1.10).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.91 (0.77-1.06).
|
RR = 0.76 (0.59-0.99; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.93 (0.74-1.15).
1/wk: RR = 0.80 (0.62-1.03).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.76 (0.49-0.99).
|
RR = 0.55 (0.34-0.89; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.88 (0.61-1.27).
1/wk: RR = 1.02 (0.69-1.51).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.55 (0.34-0.89).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 17) Stram DO. (2006) | The multiethnic cohort study. | 82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males aged 45-75.
(USA) | 1993-96 to 2001 | 3,922?
(1,345 nonlocalized and high grade disease) | prostate cancer risk | Broccoli |
RR = 1.08 (0.98-1.19; P = 0.266) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 1.4: RR = 1.
> 1.4-≤ 3.1: RR = 1.07 (0.96-1.18).
> 3.1-≤ 5.4: RR = 1.05 (0.94-1.16).
> 5.4-≤ 9.9: RR = 1.08 (0.98-1.20).
> 9.9: RR = 1.08 (0.98-1.19).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.294) | age, BMI, education and family history of prostate cancer |
| 7) Giovannucci E. (2003) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,365 aged 40-75 predominantly Caucasian (>91%) men.
(USA) | 14
(1986-2000) | 2,969? nonstage T1 | Prostate cancer risk
(excluding stage T1a cancers [found in ≤ 5% of tissue resected]) | Broccoli | None of the specific crucifera were significantly related to risk (all Ps > or = 0.19).
Men < 65 years: RR = 0.87 (0.73-1.05; P = 0.63) for > 2 vs < 1 servings/wk.
One serving = 1/2 cup. | Multivariate: BMI at age 21, BMI in 1986, height, cigarette pack-years in previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activity, and intakes of total calories, red meat, processed meat, fish, alpha-linolenic acid, calcium, and tomato sauce. |
| 7) Giovannucci E (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,894 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 759 | Prostate cancer risk
(non-stage A1) | Broccoli |
RR = 1.05 (0.83-1.34; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.96 (0.77-1.20).
1/wk: RR = 0.76 (0.60-0.96).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 1.05 (0.83-1.34). | Age and energy. |
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