| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Cauliflower |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.87 (0.72-1.04; P = 0.13) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.98 (0.86-1.12).
1/wk: RR = 0.96 (0.81-1.13).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.87 (0.72-1.04).
|
RR = 0.75 (0.55-1.03; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.91 (0.74-1.14).
1/wk: RR = 0.97 (0.74-1.26).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.75 (0.55-1.03).
|
RR = 0.48 (0.25-0.89; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.84 (0.59-1.21).
1/wk: RR = 0.98 (0.64-1.50).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.48 (0.25-0.89).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 17) Stram DO. (2006) | The multiethnic cohort study. | 82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males aged 45-75.
(USA) | 1993-96 to 2001 | 3,922?
(1,345 nonlocalized and high grade disease) | prostate cancer risk | Cauliflower |
RR = 1.03 (0.93-1.13; P = 0.626) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 0: RR = 1.
> 0-≤ 0.7: RR = 1.03 (0.93-1.14).
> 0.7-≤ 1.4: RR = 0.96 (0.87-1.06).
> 1.4-≤ 2.9: RR = 1.00 (0.91-1.11).
> 2.9: RR = 1.03 (0.93-1.13).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.944) | age, BMI, education and family history of prostate cancer |
| 10) Schuurman AG (1998) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 58,279 men aged 55-69 | 6.3
((1986-1992) | 606? | prostate cancer risk | Cauliflower | No association: RR = 0.94 (0.73-1.23) per 25 g/day increment. | age, family history of prostate cancer, socioeconomic status and total fruit.
Additionaly adjusted for total vegetables. |
| 7) Giovannucci E. (2003) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,365 aged 40-75 predominantly Caucasian (>91%) men.
(USA) | 14
(1986-2000) | 2,969? nonstage T1 | Prostate cancer risk
(excluding stage T1a cancers [found in ≤ 5% of tissue resected]) | Cauliflower | None of the specific crucifera were significantly related to risk (all Ps ≥ 0.19).
Men < 65 years: RR, 0.84 (0.71-1.00; P = 0.06) for > 1 serving/week versus < 1 serving/month.
One serving = 1/2 cup. | Multivariate: BMI at age 21, BMI in 1986, height, cigarette pack-years in previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activity, and intakes of total calories, red meat, processed meat, fish, alpha-linolenic acid, calcium, and tomato sauce. |
| 5) Hsing AW. (1990) | The Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. | 17,633 white men age ≥ 35.
(USA) | 20
(1966-1986) | 149? | Prostate cancer mortality | Cauliflower | No individual food item was found to increase or decrease risk significantly (no data shown). | age, tobacco |
|