| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338?
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Cruciferous vegetables (included broccoli [36%], cole slaw/cabbage/sauerkraut [26%], cauliflower [20%], Brussels sprouts [12%], and mustard or turnip greens [5%]) |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.85 (0.71-1.02; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 0.98 (0.83-1.17).
0.4: RR = 0.92 (0.77-1.09).
0.6: RR = 0.95 (0.80-1.13).
1.1: RR = 0.85 (0.71-1.02).
|
RR = 0.85 (0.64-1.14; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 1.07 (0.82-1.39).
0.4: RR = 0.89 (0.68-1.18).
0.6: RR = 0.72 (0.54-0.97).
1.1: RR = 0.85 (0.64-1.14).
|
RR = 0.60 (0.36-0.98; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 1.00 (0.66-1.50).
0.4: RR = 0.70 (0.44-1.11).
0.6: RR = 0.69 (0.43-1.08).
1.1: RR = 0.60 (0.36-0.98).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Cole slaw/cabbage/sauerkraut |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.06; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.03 (0.91-1.18).
1/wk: RR = 0.90 (0.77-1.07).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.06).
|
RR = 0.93 (0.70-1.24; P = 0.31) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.99 (0.81-1.21).
1/wk: RR = 0.70 (0.52-0.93).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.93 (0.70-1.24).
|
RR = 0.64 (0.38-1.09; P = 0.04) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.93 (0.67-1.29).
1/wk: RR = 0.61 (0.38-1.00).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.64 (0.38-1.09).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 17) Stram DO. (2006) | The multiethnic cohort study. | 82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males aged 45-75.
(USA) | 1993-96 to 2001 | 3,922?
(1,345 nonlocalized and high grade disease) | prostate cancer risk | Cruciferous vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 1.03 (0.92-1.14; P = 0.770) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 7.1: RR = 1.
> 7.1-≤ 12.2: RR = 1.10 (0.99-1.22).
> 12.2-≤ 18.2: RR = 1.06 (0.95-1.18).
> 18.2-≤ 28.9: RR = 1.09 (0.98-1.21).
> 28.9: RR = 1.03 (0.92-1.14).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.747). | age, BMI, education and family history of prostate cancer |
| 15) Key TJ (2004) | The EPIC Study. | 118,579 men aged 20-97 in 7 countries. | 4.8
(1993-99 to 2000) | 972 | Prostate cancer risk | Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale) |
RR = 1.01 (0.83-1.23; P = 0.953) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
9.7: RR = 1.
13.2: RR = 1.10 (0.87-1.39).
18.8: RR = 1.29 (1.04-1.60).
23.7: RR = 1.07 (0.87-1.32).
29.2: RR = 1.01 (0.83-1.23).
7 countries included in this analysis: Denmark, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden (excluding Umea center)and the UK. | Stratified for recruitment center and adjusted for height, weight and energy intake. Various potential confounding variables, including education level, smoking and physical activity, were not clearly associated with prostate cancer risk; these variables were therefore omitted from the final analysis. |
| 10) Schuurman AG (1998) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 58,279 men aged 55-69 | 6.3
((1986-1992) | 606
(181 well differentiated, 217 moderately differentiated, and 153 poorly- or undifferentiated) | prostate cancer risk | Brassicas (defined as: cauliflower, cabbage [white/green], kale, Brussels sprouts) |
RR = 0.82 (0.59-1.12; P = 0.06) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
10.7: RR = 1.
21.0: RR = 0.98 (0.72-1.32).
29.0: RR = 0.81 (0.59-1.12).
40.0: RR = 0.87 (0.64-1.18).
58.3: RR = 0.82 (0.59-1.12).
Prostate cancer risk in subgroups on differentiation grade. RRs are per 25 g/day increment
| well differentiated | moderately differentiated | poorly or undifferentiated |
| RR = 0.95 (0.73-1.24) | RR = 0.88 (0.68-1.13) | RR = 0.99 (0.75-1.30) |
RRs between subgroups of tumor sizes did not differ to a large extent and were mostly around the null value; the same applied to latent and nonlatent tumors (data not shown).
age, family history of prostate cancer, socioeconomic status and total fruit.
The RR per 25 g/day increment is additionaly adjusted for total vegetables. |
| 7) Giovannucci E. (2003) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,365 aged 40-75 predominantly Caucasian (>91%) men.
(USA) | 14
(1986-2000) | Total prostate: 2,969 (962 < 65 y, and 2,007 ≥ 65 y).
Organ-confined: 1,681 (591 < 65 y, and 1,090 ≥ 65 y).
Extraprostatic: 449 (132 < 65 y, and 317 ≥ 65 y) | Prostate cancer risk
(excluding stage T1a cancers [found in ≤ 5% of tissue resected]) | Cruciferous vegetables (defined as: broccoli, cabbage or coleslaw, sauerkraut, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kale mustard, or chard greens) |
TOTAL PROSTATE CANCER:
RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04; P = 0.13) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 0.99 (0.88-1.12).
2.1-3: RR = 0.93 (0.82-1.06).
3.1-5: RR = 0.93 (0.82-1.05).
> 5: RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04).
Long-term consistent high consumption:
RR = 0.84 [0.71-0.99; P = 0.14].
Stratified by age at diagnosis:
| < 65 y | ≥ 65 y |
RR = RR = 0.81 (0.64-1.02; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 1.03 (0.85-1.27).
2.1-3: RR = 0.97 (0.78-1.20).
3.1-5: RR = 0.83 (0.67-1.03).
> 5:
Using cumulative-updated analysis, the association for total prostate cancer for men < 65 years old was similar but somewhat weaker and lost statistical significance [multivariate RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66-1.08; P = 0.29].
|
RR = 0.98 (0.84-1.14; P = 0.72) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 0.97 (0.83-1.12).
2.1-3: RR = 0.91 (0.77-1.06).
3.1-5: RR = 0.98 (0.85-1.13).
> 5: RR = 0.98 (0.84-1.14).
|
A family history of prostate cancer: RR = 0.93 (0.63-1.37; P = 0.95).
No family history of prostate cancer: RR = 0.91 (0.79-1.04; P = 0.27).
ORGAN-CONFINED PROSTATE CANCER:
RR = 0.92 (0.80-1.05; P = 0.13) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 0.99 (0.88-1.12).
2.1-3: RR = 0.94 (0.82-1.07).
3.1-5: RR = 0.94 (0.83-1.06).
> 5: RR = 0.92 (0.80-1.05).
Long-term consistent high consumption:
RR = 0.76 [0.61-0.96; P = 0.02]..
Stratified by age at diagnosis:
| < 65 y | ≥ 65 y |
RR = 0.72 (0.54-0.97; P = 0.007) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 1.04 (0.81-1.33).
2.1-3: RR = 0.87 (0.66-1.15).
3.1-5: RR = 0.82 (0.63-1.07).
> 5: RR = 0.72 (0.54-0.97).
|
RR = 0.96 (0.78-1.19; P = 0.60) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 1.08 (0.89-1.32).
2.1-3: RR = 0.99 (0.80-1.23).
3.1-5: RR = 0.99 (0.81-1.21).
> 5: RR = 0.96 (0.78-1.19).
|
EXTRAPROSTATIC PROSTATE CANCER (Stage C or D, or fatal):
RR = 1.00 (0.71-1.40; P = 0.76) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 0.85 (0.62-1.17).
2.1-3: RR = 1.03 (0.74-1.42).
3.1-5: RR = 0.82 (0.59-1.13).
> 5: RR = 1.00 (0.71-1.40).
Long-term consistent high consumption:
RR = 0.91 [0.61-1.35; P = 0.92].
RRs for increasing quintiles (1, 0.72 [0.50-1.05], 0.76 [0.51-1.13], 0.77 [0.53-1.13], and 0.91).
Stratified by age at diagnosis:
| < 65 y | ≥ 65 y |
RR = 0.90 (0.48-1.70; P = 0.25) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 1.22 (0.69-2.17).
2.1-3: RR = 1.36 (0.76-2.44).
3.1-5: RR = 0.62 (0.32-1.21).
> 5: RR = 0.90 (0.48-1.70).
|
RR = 1.10 (0.77-1.59; P = 0.07) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2: RR = 0.72 (0.49-1.06).
2.1-3: RR = 0.88 (0.59-1.30).
3.1-5: RR = 0.93 (0.64-1.33).
> 5: RR = 1.10 (0.77-1.59).
|
One serving = 1/2 cup.
BMI at age 21, BMI in 1986, height, cigarette pack-years in previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activity, and intakes of total calories, red meat, processed meat, fish, alpha-linolenic acid, calcium, and tomato sauce. Associations not stratified by age at diagnosis and family history of prostate cancer were additionally adjusted for fruits and vegetables. |
| 7) Giovannucci E. (2003) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,365 aged 40-75 predominantly Caucasian (>91%) men.
(USA) | 14
(1986-2000) | 2,969? nonstage T1 | Prostate cancer risk
(excluding stage T1a cancers [found in ≤ 5% of tissue resected]) | Cabbage or coleslaw | None of the specific crucifera were significantly related to risk (all Ps > or = 0.19).
Men < 65 years: RR = 0.91 (0.71-1.17; P = 0.34) for > 1 serving/wk vs < 1 serving/month.
One serving = 1/2 cup. | Multivariate: BMI at age 21, BMI in 1986, height, cigarette pack-years in previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activity, and intakes of total calories, red meat, processed meat, fish, alpha-linolenic acid, calcium, and tomato sauce. |
| 5) Hsing AW. (1990) | The Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. | 17,633 white men age ≥ 35.
(USA) | 20
(1966-1986) | 149 | Prostate cancer mortality | Cruciferous vegetables (defined as: cabbage, cauliflower, and rutabaga) |
RR = 1.3 (0.8-2.0; no P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/mo):
< 1.2: RR = 1.
1.2-2.2: RR = 1.1 (0.7-1.8).
2.3-4.5: RR = 1.2 (0.8-2.0).
> 4.5: RR = 1.3 (0.8-2.0). | age, tobacco |
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