| 19) Kurahashi N (2008) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study | 14,203 men aged 40-69 who provided blood samples.
(Nested case-control) | 12.8
(1990-93 to 2005) | 201 | Prostate cancer incidence | Green-yellow vegetables (not defined) | Cases consumed more green-yellow vegetables (37.2 g/d) than controls (34.2 g/d; P = 0.08). | Age and cohort |
| 14) Allen NE (2004) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 18,115 men.
(Japan) | mean 16.9
(1963-1996) | 196 | Prostate cancer risk | Yellow/green vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.98 (0.66-1.44; P = 0.87) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/week):
< 2: RR = 1.
2-4: RR = 0.95 (0.69-1.29).
Almost daily: RR = 0.98 (0.66-1.44). | age, calendar period, city of residence, ratiation dose and education level |
| 4) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 183? | Prostate cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) | RR = 0.97 (90% CI = 0.41-2.29; No P-value) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 0.97 (0.41-2.29).
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.08 (0.82-1.42).
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1.
Daily vs nondaily consumption:
Age-adjusted RR = 0.95 (90% CI = 0.73-1.25; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Stratified by age:
| < 75 | ≥ 75 |
RR = 1.82 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0314) for the lowest vs highest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (≥ 4 times/wk is the reference category):
≤ 3 times/month: RR = 1.82.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 1.4.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 1. |
No lower risk of prostate cancer mortality (no data shown). |
Daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables decreased mortality risk among daily meat eaters (daily = defined as: ≥ 4 times/wk).
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.71.
Meat: RR = 2.53.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.21.
Alcohol: RR = 1.50. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.38.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 2.20.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 2.33. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption ≥ 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Not defined (possibly only age). |
|