| 23) Ambrosini GL (2008) | No cohort name. | 1985 blue asbestos-exposed men.
(Australia) | Median 12.7
(1990-96 to 2004) | 97? | Prostate cancer incidence | Spinach | No association with prostate cancer risk (no data shown). | Age, total fruit and vegetable intake, randomly assigned retinol or beta carotene supplement and source fo crocidolite exposure. |
| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Spinach |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.06; P = 0.23) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.92 (0.81-1.03).
1-< 2/wk: RR = 1.01 (0.83-1.23).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.06).
|
RR = 0.63 (0.38-1.02; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.91 (0.75-1.10).
1-< 2/wk: RR = 0.80 (0.56-1.13).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.63 (0.38-1.02).
|
RR = 0.69 (0.32-1.52; P = 0.26) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.74 (0.54-1.01).
1-< 2/wk: RR = 0.82 (0.47-1.44).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.69 (0.32-1.52).
|
Spinach and aggressive prostate cancer:
| Raw spinach | Cooked spinach |
RR = 0.68 (0.36-1.28; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.87 (0.63-1.21).
Q3: RR = 0.78 (0.45-1.33).
Q\4: RR = 0.68 (0.36-1.28).
|
RR = 0.39 (0.16-0.94; P = 0.04) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quartiles):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.77 (0.58-1.03).
Q3: RR = 1.06 (0.72-1.56).
Q4: RR = 0.39 (0.16-0.94).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 10) Schuurman AG (1998) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 58,279 men aged 55-69 | 6.3
((1986-1992) | 606? | prostate cancer risk | Spinach | No association: RR = 1.12 (0.82-1.52) per 25 g/day increment. | age, family history of prostate cancer, socioeconomic status and total fruit.
Additionaly adjusted for total vegetables. |
| 7) Giovannucci E (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,894 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 748 for cooked, and 736 for raw spinach | Prostate cancer risk
(non-stage A1) | Spinach |
| Cooked spinach: | Raw spinach: |
RR = 1.22 (0.88-1.69; P = 0.51) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.00 (0.85-1.17).
1/wk: RR = 0.97 (0.78-1.21).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 1.22 (0.88-1.69).
|
RR = 1.31 (0.90-1.90; P = 0.34) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.96 (0.81-1.13).
1/wk: RR = 1.07 (0.82-1.82).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 1.31 (0.90-1.90).
|
Age and energy. |
| |