Egg & mortality from all causes.

Author

Cohort name

Subjects

Years of follow-up

Cases

End point

Consumption of

Relative Risk (RR)

Adjustments

12) Djoussé L (2008)

The Physician's Health Study I.

21,327 male physicians aged 40-85.(USA)

5,169
(4,906 without-, and 263 with prevalent diabetes

Total mortality

Eggs

HR = 1.23 (1.11-1.36; P = < 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.

Amount specific data (Eggs/week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1/wk: HR = 0.94 (0.87-1.02).
2-4/wk: HR = 1.03 (0.95-1.11).
5-6/wk: HR = 1.05 (0.93-1.19).
≥ 7/wk: HR = 1.23 (1.11-1.36).

**Stratified by baseline diabetes status:**
Subjects without prevalent diabetes	Subjects with prevalent diabetes
HR = 1.22 (1.09-1.35; P = < 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption. Amount specific data (Eggs/week): < 1: RR = 1. 1/wk: HR = 0.93 (0.85-1.01). 2-4/wk: HR = 1.01 (0.93-1.10). 5-6/wk: HR = 1.00 (0.88-1.13). ≥ 7/wk: HR = 1.22 (1.09-1.35).	HR = 2.01 (1.26-3.20; P = 0.0005) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption. Amount specific data (Eggs/week): < 1: RR = 1. 1/wk: HR = 1.30 (0.82-2.07). 2-4/wk: HR = 1.49 (0.95-2.33). 5-6/wk: HR = 2.27 (1.26-3.20). ≥ 7/wk: HR = 2.01 (1.26-3.20).

A history of hypercholesterolemia at baseline did not influence the relation between egg consumption and total mortality (data not shown).

BMI, smoking, history of hypertension, multivitamin intake, alcohol consumption, vegetable consumption, breakfast cereal, physical activity, treatment arm, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of premature myocardial infarction.

11) González S (2008)

Not defined.

288 elderly people aged 60-85 from nursing homes in Asturias (Northern Spain)

6
(1999-2002 to 2007)

All-cause mortality

Eggs

RR = 0.998 (0.740-1.344; P = 0.987) per 1 SD increase.

Age, gender, BMI, energy intake, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, chewing ability, physical activity, smoking, self perceived health, education level and institution.

10) Iso H (2007)

The JACC Study.

43,977 men, and 60,231 women.
(Japan)

Not defined.

9,546 men, and
6,527 women.

Mortality from all causes

Eggs


Men:	Women:
HR = 0.93 (0.88-0.97; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 3/w: HR = 1. 3-4/w: HR = 0.91 (0.86-0.96; P = < 0.01). ≥ 5/w: HR = 0.93 (0.88-0.97; P = < 0.01).	HR = 0.93 (0.87-0.98; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data: < 3/w: HR = 1. 3-4/w: HR = 0.95 (0.89-1.02). ≥ 5/w: HR = 0.93 (0.87-0.98).

Age and study area.

9) Qureshi AI (2007)

The NHANES I

9,734 adults aged 25-74 and without a history of stroke or MI.
(USA)

1971-75 to 1982-92

See variables

Mortality

Eggs (eggs eaten as in the form of fried, boiled, poached, deviled, or egg salad. Excluding eggs in cooked or baked dished, as custards, puddings)


All subjects: (3,177 cases)	Persons with diabetes mellitus: (253 cases)
RR = 1.0 (0.9-1.1) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (eggs/week): < 1: RR = 1. 1-6: RR = 0.9 (0.8-1.0). > 6: RR = 1.0 (0.9-1.1).	RR = 1.3 (0.9-1.9) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (eggs/week): < 1: RR = 1. 1-6: RR = 1.0 (0.7-1.5). > 6: RR = 1.3 (0.9-1.9).

No significantly different risk was observed associated with daily egg consumption in subgroups defined by systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking.

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, BMI, and educational status.

8) Kelemen LE. (2005)

The Iowa Women's Health study.

29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA)

15 (1986-2000)

3,978?

All-cause mortality

Eggs

RR = 0.95 (0.82-1.09; P = 0.39) for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.60 and 2.74 for dairy and eggs) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*

Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.97.
Q3: RR = 0.95.
Q4: RR = 0.96.
Q5: RR = 0.95.

*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)].

Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish.

7) Nakamura Y. (2004)

The NIPPON DATA80.

4,077 men and 5,186 women aged ≥ 30.
(Japan)

14
(1980-1994)

640 men, and
562 women

All-cause death

Eggs

**Reference category = 1 egg/day.**
Men	Women
RR = 0.89 (0.57-1.38; P = 0.75) for the highest vs fourth quintile of consumption. Amount specific data: seldom: RR = 0.73 (0.48-1.12). 1-2/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.78-1.13). 1/2 day: RR = 0.89 (0.72-1.08). 1/day: RR = 1. ≥ 2/day: RR = 0.89 (0.57-1.38).	RR = 1.48 (0.84-2.61; P = 0.02) for the highest vs fourth quintile of consumption. Amount specific data: seldom: RR = 0.97 (0.72-1.32). 1-2/wk: RR = 0.78 (0.63-0.96; P = 0.02). 1/2 day: RR = 1.0 (0.81-1.24). 1/day: RR = 1. ≥ 2/day: RR = 1.48 (0.84-2.61).

Age, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, blood glucose, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, use of blood pressure-lowering drugs, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake.

6) Trichopoulou A. (2006)

The EPIC Study.

1,013 subjects taking drugs for diabetes mellitus at enrolment.
(Greece)

4.5

80? (46 cardiovascular, 19 cancer, 15 other)

Mortality

Eggs

HR = 1.31 (1.07-1.60; P = 0.01) per increment of 10 g/day.
No gender interaction (P = 0.49).

Gender, age, education, smoking, waist-to-height, hip circumference, MET score, treatment with insulin, treatment for hypertension, treatment for hypercholesterolaemia, vegetables, legumes/potatoes, fruits/nuts, dairy, cereals, meat products, fish/seafood, sugar/confectionery, soft drinks/juices, tea/coffee, ethanol, and olive oil.

6) Trichopoulou A (2005b)

The EPIC-elderly Study

74,607 men and women aged ≥ 60 without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer, and from 9 European countries.
(Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK)

Median 89 months.
(1992-2000 to 1999-2003)

4,047?

Overall mortality

Eggs

Mortality ratio: 1.04 (1.01-1.07; No P-value) for an increment of 17 g/day.

Stratified by country and adjusted for sex, age, diabetes mellitus at baseline, BMI, educational achievement, smoking status, physical activity at occupation, physical activity at leisure, alcohol intake, and total energy intake.

6) Trichopoulou A (2005a)

The Greek part of the EPIC Study

1,302 men and women aged 20-86 with CHD (MI and/or angina pectoris), and with or without diabetes mellitus.
(Greece)

3.78
(1994-97 to 2003)

131?

All-cause mortality

Eggs

MR = 0.93 (0.75-1.15) for an increment of 8.8 g/d.

Sex, age, previous treatment for hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus at enrollment, years of schooling, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio, metabolic equivalent score, BMI, and total energy

6) Trichopoulou A. (2003)

The Greek component of The EPIC Study.

22,043 adults aged 20-86.
(Greece)

3.7
(1994-99 to 2002)

275?

All-cause mortality

Eggs

HR = 1.07 (0.98-1.17; No P-value) for an increment of 10 g/day.

Sex, age, waist-to-hip ratio, energy-expenditure score, education, smoking status and 5 categories of current smoker, BMI, and total energy.

5) Mann JI (1997)

The Oxford Vegetarian Study.

10,802 subjects (4102 men and 6700 women) aged 16-79.
(UK)

13.3
(1980-84 to 1995)

381

All-cause mortality

Eggs

Death rate ratio = 92 (68-123; P = Not Significant) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.

Amount specific data (per week):
< 1: DRR = 100.
1-5: DRR = 74 (58-96; P = < 0.05).
6+: DRR = 92 (68-123).

Age, sex, smoking and social class.

4) Fawzi W (1994)

No cohort name defined.

28,753 children 6 mo to 6 y old.
(Sudan)

18 months
(1988-?)

232?

Death

Eggs

Background: Each household was visited every 6 mo for a maximum of 3 visits. Food consumption was assessed at each visit. Mothers recalled whether a child had consumed this food in the previous 24 h.

RR = 0.94 (0.66-1.34; No P-value).

Age, sex, wealth, maternal literacy, water in house, and region.

3) Nube M. (1987)

No cohort name.

2,820 Dutch civil servants of Amsterdam and their spouses aged 40-64 (1,394 men, and 1,426).

25
(1953-54 to ?)

742? men, and
448? women

Survival

Eggs

**Survival rates (%). No./week:**
Men	Women
A high level of intake appeared to be associated with a lower 25-year survival rate. Amount specific data: 0-1: 46.4 +/- 1.9. 2-3: 49.0 +/- 2.0. 4-16: 43.9 +/- 2.6.	Amount specific data: 0-1: 66.6 +/- 1.8. 2-3: 72.0 +/- 1.7. 4-21: 65.9 +/- 2.3.

Age.

2) Kahn HA. (1984)

The Adventist Health Study.

27,530 California members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church aged > or = 30.
(USA)

21
(1960-1980)

6,075

All-cause mortality

Eggs


OR with consideration of length of survival	OR without consideration of length of survival
OR = 1.19 (No 99% CI; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (days/wk): < 1: OR = 1.00. 1-2: OR = 0.93. 3-5: OR = 0.99. 6-7: OR = 1.19 (No 99% CI; P = < 0.01).	Total: OR = 1.18 (99% CI = 1,00-1.38; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (days/wk): < 1: OR = 1.00. 1-2: OR = 0.94. 3-5: OR = 0.96. 6-7: OR = 1.18 (99% CI = 1.00-1.38; P = < 0.01). Men: OR = 1.04 (No 99% CI; No P-value). Women: OR = 1.34 (99% CI = 1.08-1.66; P = < 0.01).

After additional adjustment for meat and fish the associaton remained significant (OR = 1.28).
After additional adjustment for meat and salad the association also remained significant (OR = 1.29).

Age (15-year intervals for men & women combined, 10-year intervals for associations stratified by sex), sex, history of disease (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, or cancer), age at initial exposure to the Adventist Church, and smoking history (never vs ever).

1) Dawber TR (1982)

The Framingham Study

912 subjects.

24
(1957-?)

85 men, and
69 women

Death from all causes

Eggs (determined from reported intake of eggs, per se, plus an estimate of the eggs used in cooking such foods as cakes, custards, and other prepared foods calling for whole eggs or egg yolks)

There was no evidence of any significant association of egg consumption (No data shown).

No data shown.

Mortality & Diet.

A systematic review.

Literature review

Relating various aspects of our
diet to mortality & survival.

Egg & mortality from all causes.

Mortality & Diet.

A systematic review.

Literature review

Relating various aspects of ourdiet to mortality & survival.

Egg & mortality from all causes.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to mortality & survival.