Total fruit and all-cause mortality/survival.
32 articles, providing information about 20 different cohorts were found, including a total of 27,905 cases. Survival was the end point in one article
(Nube M [2]), and mortality was the end point in all remaining articles.
Use of data from The EPIC Study: 7 publications were found about The EPIC Study (21). Publications included data about the same population with different length of
follow-up (Trichopoulou A. 2003 vs Trichopoulou A. 2009), or about a subgroup of- vs all diabetic subjects from the cohort (Trichopoulou A. 2006 vs Nöthlings U. 2008).
Obviously, the publications about longer length of follow-up, and about larger parts of the cohort were included.
The EPIC-Elderly study provided data about 74,607 elderly (aged ≥ 60) subjects - with or whithout diabetes - from 9 countries (including Greece & Spain), and
including 4,047 deaths (Trichopoulou A. 2005b). But 3 other publications provided information about subgroups of this cohort from which the data partly overlapped
with data from The EPIC-Elderly Study:
- Agudo A (2007) 41.358 subjects aged 30-69 from EPIC-Spain, including 562 deaths.
- Nöthlings U (2008) 10.449 subjects aged 35-70 with diabetes from 10 countries, and including 1,346 deaths.
- Trichopoulou A (2009) 23,349 subjects aged 20-86 from EPIC-Greece, including 1,075 deaths.
The latter 3 publications were included in the systematic review, excluding data from The EPIC-Elderly Study. These 3 subcohorts included less deaths than the
former subcohort (2,983 vs 4,047). But they all provided RR's as a categorized variable, allowing for analysis about effects at different levels of consumption, and for
more precise analysis of the effect size. Whereas The EPIC-Elderly Study provided RR's as a continuous variable.
Also, a 4th publication about this cohort was included: Trichopoulou A (2005a) provided data about subjects from EPIC-Greece with CHD only, whereas he provided data about
subjects from EPIC-Greece without CHD only in a later publication (Trichopoulou A. 2009).
Results: Significant protective effects were found in 6 cohorts (Appleby PN [8], Knoops KT [10], Kouris-Blazos A [14], Barzi F [26], Nagura J [32], González S [33])
and among men in a 7th cohort (Nube M [2]), including 14,040 cases (50% of all cases). In addition, nonsignificant protective effects were found in 2 cohorts,
including 952 cases (Strandhagen E [16], Agudo M [21]. Two out of these cohorts were of moderate size (Agudo M [21], Nagura J [32]), the rest was of (very) small size.
When the effect of fresh fruit - instead of total fruit - was used from one cohort (Agudo A [21]), the nonsignificant protective effect became significant
(HR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.62-1.00; P = 0.029).
(Non)significantly increased risks were found in 2 cohorts of very small size (Nube M [2], Lasheras C [15]), but the effect was restricted to women once (Nube M [2]), and
to subjects aged ≥ 80 in the other cohort (Lasheras C [15]). These subgroups included 506 cases (2% of all cases). For total fruits all RR's > 1 were restricted
to cohorts of very small size.
The average RR = 0.88 for all cohorts (excluding incomplete data from Seccareccia F [24], and Chang-Claude J [31]).
Conclusion: Protective effects were found in 7 cohorts, including just over 50% of all cases. While increased risks were found in 2 subgroups from 2 cohorts of
very small size, and including 2% of all cases. Fruit consumption possibly protects against all-cause mortality (- 12%).
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | Relative Risk (RR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33) González S (2008) | No cohort name defined | 83 | RR = 0.71 (0.52-0.98; P = 0.04) |
| 32) Nagura J (2009) | The JACC Study | 7,606 | HR = 0.86 (0.80-0.93; P = < 0.001). |
| 31) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 456 | No association. |
| 29) Tucker KL (2005) | The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging | 306 | RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03) |
| 27) Darmadi-Blackberry I (2004) | The Food Habits In Later Life Study | 169 | RR = 0.99 (0.97-1.01; P = 0.38) |
| 26) Barzi F (2003) | The GISSI-Preventione Trial | 1,658 | OR = 0.73 (0.54-0.98; P = 0.0002) |
| 24) Seccareccia F (2003) | The Seven Countries Study | 1,096 | No significant association. |
| 22) Ness AR (2005) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 1,010 | RR = 0.87 (0.69-1.11; P = 0.2) |
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2009) | The EPIC-Greece Study (non-CHD cases) | 1,075 | MR = 0.93 (0.82-1.06; P = 0.28). |
| 21) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study (diabetic subjects) | 1,346 | RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.12; P = 0.42). |
| 21) Agudo A (2007) | The EPIC-Spain Study | 562 | HR = 0.82 (0.64-1.04; P = 0.061). |
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2005a) | The EPIC-Greece Study (CHD cases) | 131 | MR = 1.02 (0.83-1.26) |
| 16) Strandhagen E (2000) | The Study Of Men Born in 1913 | 390 | RR = 0.92 (0.84-1.00; P = 0.051) |
| 15) Lasheras C (2000) | No cohort name defined | Age < 80: 38. Age ≥ 80: 58. | Age < 80: RR = 1.79 (0.72-4.30; P = 0.20) Age ≥ 80: RR = 1.05 (1.01-1.09; P = 0.06) |
| 14) Kouris-Blazos A (1999) | No cohort name defined | 38 | RR = 0.95 (0.90-0.99) |
| 13) Whiteman D (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 481 | RR = 0.84 (0.66-1.08) |
| 12) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study | 385 | DRR = 97 (74-127) |
| 10) Knoops KT (2006) | The HALE | 1,384 | HR = 0.86 (0.78-0.94) |
| 8) Appleby PN (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study | 2,529 | RR = 0.83 (0.75-0.91; P = < 0.01) |
| 7) Sahyoun NR (1996) | No cohort name defined | 199 | RR = 0.84 (0.53-1.33; P = 0.92) |
| 6) Trichopoulou A (1995) | No cohort name defined | 53 | RR = 1.01 (0.97-1.04; P = 0.75) |
| 2) Nube M (1987) | No cohort name defined | 742 men. 448 women. | Men: A protective effect. Women: An increased risk. |
| 1) Kahn HA (1984) | The Adventist Health Study | 5,662 | OR = 0.95 |
| Total number of cases: 27,905 | Average RR = 0.88 |
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 33) González S (2008) | Not defined. | 288 elderly people aged 60-85 from nursing homes in Asturias (Northern Spain) | 6 (1999-2002 to 2007) | 83 | All-cause mortality | Fruits (fresh, dried and juices) | RR = 0.714 (0.519-0.981; P = 0.038) per 1 SD increase. | Age, gender, BMI, energy intake, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, chewing ability, physical activity, smoking, self perceived health, education level and institution. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32) Nagura J (2009) | The JACC Study | 25,206 men and 34,279 women aged 40-79, and without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer. (Japan) | 12.7 (1989-2003) | 7,606 | Mortality from all causes | Fruit (citrus fruits, other fruits, and fresh fruit juice in summer) |
HR = 0.86 (0.80-0.93; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (servings per week): 0.9: HR = 1. 2.3: HR = 0.92 (0.86-0.98). 3.9: HR = 0.93 (0.87-0.99). 5.9: HR = 0.86 (0.80-0.93). The association did not vary by sex (no data shown). | Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, hours of walking, hours of sleep, education years, perceived mental stress, cholesterol intake, SFA intake, n-3 fatty acids intake, sodium intake, vegetables intake, bean intake and histories of hypertension and diabetes. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31) Chang-Claude J (2005) | The German Vegetarian Study | 1,724 vegetarians and health conscious persons. | 21 (1978-1999) | 456? | All-cause mortality | Fruits (not defined) | Frequency of consumption did not show an appreciable effect on mortality (no data shown). | Age, gender, smoking, level of activity, alcohol consumption, vegetarianism, BMI, and education. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29) Tucker KL (2005) | The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. | 501 men age 34-80. | 18 | 306? | Total mortality | Fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.93 (0.84-1.03) for an increment of 1 serving/d. | Age, total energy, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, supplement use, saturated fat, and secular trend. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 27) Darmadi-Blackberry I (2004) | The Food Habits in Later Life (FHILL) Study. | 785 people aged ≥ 70 from 5 cohorts in Japan (n = 89), Sweden (n = 184), Greece (n = 182) and Australia (n = 141 Anglo-Celts, and 189 Greeks). | Up to 7 (1988-91 to ?) | 169? | All-cause mortality | Fruit and nuts (not defined) | RR = 0.99 (0.97-1.01; P = 0.38) for an increase of 20 gram. | Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women, including terms of age, sex, smoking status, and ethnicity/locality. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 26) Barzi F (2003) | The GISSI-Preventione Trial. | 11,246 men and women aged 19-90 with recent (≤ 3 months) myocardial infarction from 172 centres in Italy. | 6.5 (1993-95 to ?) | 1,658 | All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) | The intakes of the foods were assessed at baseline, 6, 18 and 42 months. OR = 0.73 (0.54-0.98; P = 0.0002) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (frequency of consumption): Never/almost never: OR = 1. 2-3 times per week: OR = 0.86 (0.63-1.19). 1 per day: OR = 0.87 (0.65-1.17). > 1 per day: OR = 0.73 (0.54-0.98). | Age, sex, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, claudication, electrical instability, left ventricular dysfunction, residual myocardial ischaemia, dietary supplementation (vitamin E, n-3 PUFA and the interaction), pharmacological therapies (aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), and consumption of fish, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, and olive oil. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24) Seccareccia F. (2003) | Two Italian Cohorts of "The Seven Countries Study". | 1,536 men aged 45-65. | 30 (1965-1995) | 1,096? (308 CHD, 325 cancer, 158 cerebrovascular disease, and 305 other causes) | Total mortality | Fruit (not defined) | A negligible effect was found for both fresh fruit, and the pooled consumption of fresh and dried fruit together (no data shown). | age, energy, smoking, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, BMI, and fruit consumption. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22) Ness AR (2005) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | 4,028 people (1,995 men, and 2,033 women) from England and Scotland. | average 37 (1948 to 2000) | 1,010 | All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
RR = 0.87 (0.69-1.11; P = 0.2) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (g): 0-4.7: RR = 1. 4.8-21.1: RR = 0.95 (0.78-1.15). 21.2-45.1: RR = 0.91 (0.74-1.11). 45.5-556.4: RR = 0.87 (0.69-1.11). | Age, energy, sex, childhood family food expenditure, father's social class, district of residence as a child, period of birth, season when studied as a child, and Townsend score for current address or place of death. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22) Maynard M. (2003) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | 3.878 children -mean age 8 years- (1.959 women/1.919 men). (England/Scotland) | > 60 years (1937-39 to 2000) | 1,000 | all cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
OR = 0.83 (0.62-1.11; P = 0.18) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (mean intake in g/day): 0.6: OR = 1. 12.7: OR = 0.91 (0.71-1.16). 31.3: OR = 0.87 (0.67-1.12). 88.4: OR = 0.83 (0.62-1.11). | Intra-family clustering. Age, sex, energy, food expenditure, Townsend score, season, and district. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2009) | The Greek segment of the EPIC Study | 23,349 men and women aged 20-86, and without cancer, CHD, or diabetes. | 8.5 (1994-97 to 2008) | 1,075? | All-cause mortality | Fruits and nuts (not defined) | Mortality Ratio = 0.931 (0.816-1.061; P = 0.284) for ≥ vs < median consumption (362.52 g/day for men, and 356.77 g/day for women). | Sex, age, education, smoking status, waist:hip ratio, BMI, MET score, total energy, and consumption of vegetables, legumes, cereals, fish and seafood, monounsaturated/saturated lipids ratio, dairy products, meat and meat products, ethanol. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus. (10 European Countries) | 9 (1992-2000 to 2007) | 1346 | All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.12; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (median intake, g/d): 130: RR = 1. 195: RR = 0.83 (0.71-0.98). 262: RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.05). 379: RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.12). RR for an increase of 80 g/d: 0.95 (0.90-1.01). Sex, smoking status, age at diagnosis, and waist-to-hip ratio did not modify the associations between intake of fruits and vegetables and mortality risk (data not shown). Associations among participants ≥ 60 y of age (n = 4591) were similar to results for the overall group. | Stratified on age. Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
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| 21) Agudo A. (2007) | The EPIC Study. | 41,358 subjects (15,610 men, and 25,748 women) aged 30-69. (Spain) | 6.5 (1992-96 to 2002) | 562? (295 cancer, and 123 CVD) | All cause mortality | Total fruit (including nuts, seeds, and olives), and Fresh fruit (not defined) |
There was no effect modification by sex. Stratified by center. Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol. |
21) Trichopoulou A. (2006) | The EPIC Study. | 1,013 subjects taking drugs for diabetes mellitus at enrolment. | (Greece) 4.5 | 80? (46 cardiovascular, 19 cancer, 15 other) | Mortality | Fruits and nuts (not defined) | HR = 0.98 (0.72-1.33; P = 0.90) per increment of 163 g/day. | Gender, age, education, smoking, waist-to-height, hip circumference, MET score, treatment with insulin, treatment for hypertension, treatment for hypercholesterolaemia, vegetables, legumes/potatoes, dairy, cereals, meat products, fish/seafood, eggs, sugar/confectionery, soft drinks/juices, tea/coffee, ethanol, and olive oil. |
21) Trichopoulou A (2005b) | The EPIC-elderly Study | 74,607 men and women aged ≥ 60 without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer, and from 9 European countries. | (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK) Median 89 months. | (1992-2000 to 1999-2003) 4,047? | Overall mortality | Fruits (not defined) | Mortality ratio: 0.96 (0.92-0.99; No P-value) for an increment of 193 g/day. | Stratified by country and adjusted for sex, age, diabetes mellitus at baseline, BMI, educational achievement, smoking status, physical activity at occupation, physical activity at leisure, alcohol intake, and total energy intake. |
21) Trichopoulou A (2005a) | The Greek part of the EPIC Study | 1,302 men and women aged 20-86 with CHD (MI and/or angina pectoris), and with or without diabetes mellitus. | (Greece) 3.78 | (1994-97 to 2003) 131? | All-cause mortality | Fruits and nuts (not defined) | MR = 1.02 (0.83-1.26) for an increment of 170 g/d. | Sex, age, previous treatment for hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus at enrollment, years of schooling, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio, metabolic equivalent score, BMI, and total energy |
21) Trichopoulou A. (2003) | The Greek component of The EPIC Study. | 22,043 adults aged 20-86. | (Greece) 3.7 | (1994-99 to 2002) 275? | All-cause mortality | Fruits and nuts (not defined) | HR = 0.82 (0.70-0.96; No P-value) for an increment of 200 g/day. | Sex, age, waist-to-hip ratio, energy-expenditure score, education, smoking status and 5 categories of current smoker, BMI, and total energy. |
18) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study | & The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and | 37,725 men (aged 40-75). (USA) 14 | (1984-1998) (women), and 12 (1986-1998) (men) 9329? events (1964 cardiovascular, 6584? cancer, and 781 other deaths) in women, and 4957 events (1670 cardiovascular diseases, 2500 cancers, and 787 other deaths) in men | Risk of major chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, or nontraumatic death) | All fruit (raisins or grapes, prunes, bananas, cantaloupes, watermelon, fresh apples or pears, oranges, grapefruit, strawberries, blueberries, peaches, apricots or plums, blackberries, cherries, currants, dates, fruit cocktail, guavas, honeydew melon, kiwi fruit, lemons, limes, mangoes, crenshaw melon, nectarines, persimmons, pineapple, plantains, pomegranates, quince, raspberries, tangerines, applesauce and dried apples, figs, papaya) |
|
Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
18) McCullough ML. (2000) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 38,622 men aged 40-75. | (USA) 8 | (1986-1994) 3,119? | Risk of major chronic disease (defined as CVD, cancer, or death not resulting from trauma) | Fruit (not defined) | RR for a 5-point increase (representing more servings) = 0.93 (0.87-1.00; P = < 0.05). | Highest (10 points) vs lowest tertile (0 points) = 3.2-4 vs 0 servings/d respectively. Each component of the healthy food index was added individually into the multivariate model, adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, diagnosis of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at baseline, total energy intake, and time period. |
16) Strandhagen E. (2000) | The Study Of Men Born In 1913. | 730 men aged 54. | (Sweden) 26 | (1967-1993) 390 | Total mortality | Fruit (not defined) | A protective effect: RR = 0.92 (0.84-1.00; P = 0.051) was found for men in the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (6-7 vs 0-1 times/wk). | Smoking, hypertension, and serum cholesterol. |
15) Lascheras C. (2000) | No cohort name. | 161 nonsmoking elderly subjects aged 65-95 (74 aged < 80 y, and 87 aged > or = 80) living in Asturias, Spain. | 9.5 | (1989-1998) 96? | (38 < 80 y, and 58 > or = 80 y) All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
|
RRs are for a 20 g change. Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women. Age, sex, BMI, albumin concentration, physical activity, self-assessment of health, and dieting for chronic conditions, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat. |
14) Kouris-Blazos A (1999) | Not defined. | 330 Anglo-Celts and Greek-Australians of both sexes aged ≥ 70 from Melbourne. | (Australia) 1990-92 to 1996 | 38? | All-cause mortality | Fruit and nuts (not defined) | RR = 0.95 (0.90-0.99) for a daily consumption of 20 g (adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women). | Age, sex, smoking status and ethnic origin. |
13) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study. | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina. | (UK) 9 | (1989-1997) 481 | All-cause mortality | Fresh fruit or fruit juice (not defined) |
RR = 0.84 (0.66-1.08; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (days/wk): < 1: RR = 1. 1-3: RR = 1.07 (0.83-1.38). 4-7: RR = 0.84 (0.66-1.08). Gender, smoking and age. |
12) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study. | 10,802 subjects (4102 men and 6700 women) aged 16-79. | (UK) 13.3 | (1980-84 to 1995) 385 | All-cause mortality | Fresh or dried fruit (not defined) |
Death rate ratio = 97 (74-127; P = Not Significant) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (times per week): < 5: DRR = 100. 5-9: DRR = 89 (69-114). ≥ 10: DRR = 97 (74-127). Age, sex, smoking and social class. |
10) Knoops KT (2006) | The HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe). | (Including subjects of the SENECA and FINE study) 2,044 men and, 1,049 women aged 70-90 from 10 European countries. | (The FINE Study included the survivors of 5 cohorts [from Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands] of The Seven Countries Study) 10 | (1988-2000) See variables | All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
|
Age, gender, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, chronic disease at baseline and study centre. |
10) Iestra J (2006) | The HALE | (Including the SENECA study, and the FINE study. The FINE study is an extension of "The Seven Countries Study" beyond the 25 years follow-up) 462 men and women age ≥ 70 with a history of MI | 10 | Not defined (53% died) | All-cause mortality | Fruits and fruit products (including canned fruit, but not fruit juices) |
HR = 0.74 (0.57-0.96; P = < 0.05) for above vs below median consumption. |
Study, gender, age, years of education, BMI, history of diabetes or stroke, smoking, physical activity, alcohol |
10) Osler M (1997) | Part of the Euronut SENECA Study. | 202 elderly subjects (101 men and 101 women) from the Danish Municipality Roskilde. | 6 | (1988-89 to 1995) 52? | Total mortality | Fruits (not defined) | No significant association: RR = 1.02 (0.97-1.08; No P-value) for a 20 g change. | Adjusted for energy (to 10.5 MJ for men, and 8.4 MJ in women). Age, sex, and smoking status. |
8) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers). | (UK) 1973-79 to 1997 | 2,529 (1,160 men, and 1,369 women. 2,055 non-smokers) | All cause mortality | Fresh fruit (not defined) |
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RRs are for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption. Age at recruitment, sex, and smoking. |
8) Key TJ. (1996) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10.771 (4.336 men and 6.435 women) aged > or = 16, recruited through health food shops, vegeterian societies, and magazines. | (UK) 16.8 | (1973-79 to 1995) 1.343? (666 men, 677 women) | all cause mortality | fresh fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.79 (0.70-0.90; P = < 0.01) for consumption at least daily vs < daily. | The significant reduction in mortality remained after adjustment for wholemeal bread: RR = 0.81 (0.71-0.92; P = ?). age, sex, and smoking |
7) Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts. | (USA) 9-12 | (1981-84 to 1993) 199? | Overall mortality | All fruit and juices (not defined) |
RR = 0.84 (0.53-1.33; P = 0.92) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined): T1: RR = 1. T2: RR = 0.95 (0.67-1.36). T3: RR = 0.84 (0.53-1.33). Age, sex, disease status, disabilities affecting shopping, and dark green/orange vegetables. |
6) Trichopoulou A (1995) | No cohort name. | 182 elderly residents (91 men, and 91 women) aged > 70 from 3 Greek villages. | 1988-90 to 1993-94 | 53? | All-cause mortality | Fruit and nuts (not defined) | RR = 1.01 (0.97-1.04; P = 0.75) for an increment of 20 g. | Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men, and 2000 kcal for women. Age, sex, and smoking status. |
2) Nube M. (1987) | No cohort name. | 2,820 Dutch civil servants of Amsterdam and their spouses aged 40-64 (1,394 men, and 1,426). | 25 | (1953-54 to ?) 742? men, and | 448? women Survival | Fruit (not defined) |
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Age. |
1) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | 1.668 black California men and women aged ≥ 25. | 1976-1985 | See variables | All-cause mortality | Fruit index (canned or frozen fruit; fresh citrus fruit [not juice]; fresh winter fruit [apples, bananas, pears, etc.], other fresh fruit; raisins, dates, and other dried fruit) |
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Age, smoking and exercise. |
1) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | Non-Hispanic white Seventh Seventh Day Adventists aged ≥ 84. | At study baseline there were 603 subjects older than 84 years, and during a 12-year follow-up, these and intitially younger subjects contributed 11,828 person-years of observation in the oldest-old age range. (USA) 12 | (1976-88) 1,387? | (451 men, and 936 women) All-cause mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
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Sex, diabetes, smoking, exercise, nuts, bread, donuts, sweet desserts, beef, and fish. |
1) Kahn HA. (1984) | The Adventist Health Study. | 27,530 California members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church aged ≥ 30. | (USA) 21 | (1960-1980) 5,662 | All-cause mortality | Fruit or fruit juice (not defined) |
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After additional adjustment for cooked vegetables and green salad the OR became 0.95. Age (15-year intervals), sex, history of disease (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, or cancer), age at initial exposure to the Adventist Church, and smoking history (never vs ever). |
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