| 32) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 40,209 men, and 56,330 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 8,592 men, and
6,066 women. | Mortality from all causes | Cabbage or head lettuce |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.96 (0.90-1.02) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.94 (0.89-1.00; P = < 0.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.96 (0.90-1.02).
|
HR = 0.94 (0.88-1.00; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.90 (0.84-0.97; P = < 0.01).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.94 (0.88-1.00).
|
Age and study area. |
| 32) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 43,850 men, and 60,169 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 9,560 men, and
6,575 women. | Mortality from all causes | Spinach or Garland chrysanthemum |
| Men: | Women |
HR = 0.91 (0.86-0.96; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.96 (0.91-1.01).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.91 (0.86-0.96).
|
HR = 0.88 (0.82-0.94; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.98 (0.92-1.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.88 (0.82-0.94).
|
Age and study area. |
| 21) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus.
(10 European Countries) | 9
(1992-2000 to 2007) | 1346? | All-cause mortality | Leafy vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.97 (0.92-1.03) for an increase of 8 g/d. | Stratified on age.
Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
| 21) Agudo A. (2007) | The EPIC Study. | 41,358 healthy subjects (15,610 men, and 25,748 women) aged 30-69.
(Spain) | 6.5
(1992-96 to 2002) | 562?
(295 cancer, and 123 CVD) | All cause mortality | Leafy vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.79 (0.62-1.02; P = 0.046) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
12.1: HR = 1.
38.6: HR = 0.87 (0.69-1.11).
71.8: HR = 0.79 (0.62-1.00).
155.7: HR = 0.79 (0.62-1.02).
HR as a continuous variable: HR = 0.96 (0.91-1.01).
There was no effect modification by sex.
| Stratified by center. Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol. |
| 18) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 9329? events (1964 cardiovascular, 6584 cancer, and 781 other deaths) in women, and 4957? events (1670 cardiovascular diseases, 2500 cancers, and 787 other deaths) in men | Risk of major chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, or nontraumatic death) | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, iceberg or head lettuce, romaine or leaf lettuce, kale, mustard, or chard greens, chicory, endive, escarole, and parsley) |
| Men and women combined | Men | Women |
RR = 0.94 (0.89-0.99; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 1.00 (0.95-1.05).
3: RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.04).
4: RR = 0.96 (0.91-1.01).
5: RR = 0.94 (0.89-0.99).
A significant inverse association: RR = 0.95 (0.92-0.99) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
RR = 0.96 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (median servings/day: 1.42 vs 0.16).
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 0.99.
3: RR = 0.97.
4: RR = 0.96.
5: RR = 0.96.
RR = 0.97 (No 95% CI) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
RR = 0.92 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (median servings/day: 1.57 vs 0.22).
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 1.00.
3: RR = 0.99.
4: RR = 0.96.
5: RR = 0.92.
RR = 0.94 (No 95% CI) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 5) Fawzi W (1994) | No cohort name defined. | 28,753 children 6 mo to 6 y old.
(Sudan) | 18 months
(1988-?) | 232? | Death | Green leafy vegetables (garden rocket, lettuce, lubia, saleg, jew's mallow) | Background: Each household was visited every 6 mo for a maximum of 3 visits. Food consumption was assessed at each visit. Mothers recalled whether a child had consumed this food in the previous 24 h.
RR = 0.51 (0.32-0.82; No P-value) for the 90th vs 10th percentile of the distribution of vitamin A intake from this particular group (279 vs 0 RE/d). | Age, sex, wealth, maternal literacy, water in house, and region. |
Prospective studies of green vegetables and all-cause mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 13) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study. | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 478 | All-cause mortality | Fresh or frozen green vegetables or salad (not defined) | RR = 0.68 (0.56-0.83; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 days/wk.
Stratified by long-standing disease
| No | Yes |
| RR = 0.72 (0.53-0.97; No P-value). | RR = 0.66 (0.51-0.86; No P-value). |
Stratified by vigorous exercise
| No | Yes |
| RR = 0.70 (0.56-0.87; No P-value). | RR = 0.65 (0.40-1.07; No P-value). |
Gender, smoking and age. |
| 12) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study. | 10,802 subjects (4102 men and 6700 women) aged 16-79.
(UK) | 13.3
(1980-84 to 1995) | 386 | All-cause mortality | Green vegetables (not defined) |
Death rate ratio = 89 (63-126; P = Not Significant) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times per week):
< once: DRR = 100.
1-4: DRR = 74 (52-105).
≥ 5: DRR = 89 (63-126). | Age, sex, smoking and social class. |
| 1) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | 1.668 black California men and women aged ≥ 25. | 1976-1985 | See variables | All-cause mortality | Cooked green vegetables (not defined) |
Both sexes
(153? cases) | Men
(73? cases) | Women
(80? cases) |
HR = 0.7 (0.4-1.1) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use):
≤ 2x/week: HR = 1.
3-6x/week: HR = 0.6 (0.4-1.0).
≥ 1x/day: HR = 0.7 (0.4-1.1).
|
HR = 0.5 (0.2-1.0) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use):
≤ 2x/week: HR = 1.
3-6x/week: HR = 0.5 (0.3-1.0).
≥ 1x/day: HR = 0.5 (0.2-1.0).
|
HR = 1.0 (0.5-1.9) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use):
≤ 2x/week: HR = 1.
3-6x/week: HR = 0.7 (0.4-1.5).
≥ 1x/day: HR = 1.0 (0.5-1.9).
|
Age, smoking and exercise. |
| | | | |