| 7) Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts.
(USA) | 9-12
(1981-84 to 1993) | 199? | Overall mortality | Dark green/orange vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.61 (0.38-0.96; P = 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.06 (0.78-1.44).
T3: RR = 0.61 (0.38-0.96). | Age, sex, disease status, disabilities affecting shopping, and citrus fruit/juices. |
| 4) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 55.523?
(31,979 men, and
23,544 women) | All cause mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
Stratified by sex. (Age and sex-adjusted):
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
RR = 0.8 (No 90% CI; P = 0.00000001569) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.875.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.833.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.8.
Daily vs nondaily consumption:
RR = 0.96 (90% CI = 0.94-0.97; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 0.729 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0000001972) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.813.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.762.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.729. |
RR = 0.939 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0055) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.996.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.97.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.939. |
Stratified by age. (Sex-adjusted):
| ≤ 59 | 60-69 | ≥ 70 |
RR = 0.707 (No 90% CI; P = 0.010) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.844.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.723.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.707. |
RR = 0.702 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.802.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.726.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.702. |
RR = 0.895 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0002) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.935.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.938.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.895. |
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.28 (P = < 0.001).
Meat: RR = 1.03.
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.99.
Alcohol: RR = 1.03. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.29.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 0.88 (P for main effect only = < 0.01).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 0.99. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily: Age-adjusted RR = 0.81 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption > or = 4 times/wk for all dietary items).See variables. |
|