| 32) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,816 men, and 57,985 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 8,895 men, and
6,217 women. | Mortality from all causes | Boiled beans (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.95 (0.89-1.01; P = < 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.91 (0.86-0.97; P = < 0.01).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.95 (0.89-1.01).
|
HR = 0.91 (0.84-0.97; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.95 (0.88-1.01).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.91 (0.84-0.97).
|
Age and study area. |
| 30) Kelemen LE. (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study. | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 3,978? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (tofu, dried beans, nuts, and peanut butter) | RR = 1.10 (0.99-1.23; P = 0.09) for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.08 and 0.56) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.03.
Q3: RR = 0.99.
Q4: RR = 1.08.
Q5: RR = 1.10.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 27) Darmadi-Blackberry I (2004) | The Food Habits in Later Life (FHILL) Study. | 785 people aged ≥ 70 from 5 cohorts in Japan (n = 89), Sweden (n = 184), Greece (n = 182) and Australia (n = 141 Anglo-Celts, and 189 Greeks). | Up to 7
(1988-91 to ?) | 169? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) | RR = 0.92 (0.85-0.99; P = 0.02) for an increase of 20 gram. | Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women, including terms of age, sex, smoking status, and ethnicity/locality. |
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2009) | The Greek segment of the EPIC Study | 23,349 men and women aged 20-86, and without cancer, CHD, or diabetes. | 8.5
(1994-97 to 2008) | 1,075? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) |
Mortality Ratio = 0.942 (0.825-1.076; P = 0.379) for ≥ vs < median consumption (9.13 g/day for men, and 6.66 g/day for women). | Sex, age, education, smoking status, waist:hip ratio, BMI, MET score, total energy, and consumption of vegetables, fruits and nuts, cereals, fish and seafood, monounsaturated/saturated lipids ratio, dairy products, meat and meat products, ethanol. |
| 21) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus.
(10 European Countries) | 9
(1992-2000 to 2007) | 1346 | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined. including soy products) |
RR = 0.72 (0.55-0.96; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake, g/d):
0: RR = 1.
5: RR = 0.95 (0.80-1.14).
17: RR = 0.85 (0.66-1.08).
32: RR = 0.72 (0.55-0.95).
RR for an increase of 20 g/d:
0.93(0.86-1.01).
Sex, smoking status, age at diagnosis, and waist-to-hip ratio did not modify the associations between intake of fruits and vegetables and mortality risk (data not shown).
Associations among participants ≥ 60 y of age (n = 4591) were similar to results for the overall group.
| Stratified on age.
Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
| 21) Agudo A. (2007) | The EPIC Study. | 41,358 subjects (15,610 men, and 25,748 women) aged 30-69.
(Spain) | 6.5
(1992-96 to 2002) | 562?
(295 cancer, and 123 CVD) | All cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) |
HR = 0.91 (0.71-1.17; P = 0.37) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
13.5: HR = 1.
35.7: HR = 0.95 (0.75-1.20).
56.1: HR = 0.81 (0.62-1.05).
103.7: HR = 0.91 (0.71-1.17).
HR as a continuous variable: HR = 0.96 (0.91-1.02).
There was no effect modification by sex.
| Stratified by center. Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, education, BMI, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol. |
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2005b) | The EPIC-elderly Study | 74,607 men and women aged ≥ 60 without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer, and from 9 European countries.
(Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK) | Median 89 months.
(1992-2000 to 1999-2003) | 4,047? | Overall mortality | Legumes (not defined) | Mortality ratio: 1.02 (0.99-1.06; No P-value) for an increment of 19 g/day. | Stratified by country and adjusted for sex, age, diabetes mellitus at baseline, BMI, educational achievement, smoking status, physical activity at occupation, physical activity at leisure, alcohol intake, and total energy intake. |
| 21) Trichopoulou A (2005a) | The Greek part of the EPIC Study | 1,302 men and women aged 20-86 with CHD (MI and/or angina pectoris), and with or without diabetes mellitus.
(Greece) | 3.78
(1994-97 to 2003) | 131? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) | MR = 0.95 (0.79-1.13) for an increment of 5 g/d. | Sex, age, previous treatment for hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus at enrollment, years of schooling, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio, metabolic equivalent score, BMI, and total energy |
| 21) Trichopoulou A. (2003) | The Greek component of The EPIC Study. | 22,043 adults aged 20-86.
(Greece) | 3.7
(1994-99 to 2002) | 275? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) | HR = 0.92 (0.83-1.03; No P-value) for an increment of 5 g/day. | Sex, age, waist-to-hip ratio, energy-expenditure score, education, smoking status and 5 categories of current smoker, BMI, and total energy. |
| 18) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 9329? events (1964 cardiovascular, 6584 cancer, and 781 other deaths) in women, and 4957? events (1670 cardiovascular diseases, 2500 cancers, and 787 other deaths) in men | Risk of major chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, or nontraumatic death) | Legumes (not defined) |
| Men and women combined | Men | Women |
RR = 1.02 (0.97-1.08; P = 0.93) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 1.03 (0.98-1.08).
3: RR = 1.02 (0.95-1.11).
4: RR = 1.03 (0.94-1.13).
5: RR = 1.02 (0.97-1.08).
RR = 1.00 (0.90-1.12) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
RR = 1.01 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (median servings/day: 0.57 vs 0.08).
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 1.00.
3: RR = 0.98.
4: RR = 0.98.
5: RR = 1.01.
RR = 0.99 (No 95% CI) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
RR = 1.03 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption (median servings/day: 0.51 vs 0.08).
Amount specific data (quintiles):
1: RR = 1.
2: RR = 1.05.
3: RR = 1.06.
4: RR = 1.08.
5: RR = 1.03.
RR = 1.02 (No 95% CI) for an increment of 1 serving/day. |
Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 17) Fortes C. (2000) | Cohort name = ? | 161 elderly (52 men, and 109 women) ≥ 65 years. (Mean age 80) in Rome.
(Italy) | 5
(1993-1998) | 53? (21 men, and 32 women) | Overall mortality | Legumes (beans, peas, lentils, chicken peas) |
RR = 0.87 (0.38-2.01; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.07 (0.58-1.96).
> 1: RR = 0.87 (0.38-2.01). | Unadjusted. |
| 15) Lascheras C. (2000) | No cohort name. | 161 nonsmoking elderly subjects aged 65-95 (74 aged < 80 y, and 87 aged > or = 80) living in Asturias, Spain. | 9.5
(1989-1998) | 96?
(38 < 80 y, and 58 > or = 80 y) | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) |
Stratified by age
| Subjects aged < 80. | Subjects aged > or = 80. |
| RR = 1.31 (0.38-4.52; P = 0.29). | RR = 1.20 (0.59-2.41; P = 0.60). |
RRs are for a 20 g change.
Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women.Age, sex, BMI, albumin concentration, physical activity, self-assessment of health, and dieting for chronic conditions, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat. |
| 14) Kouris-Blazos A (1999) | Not defined. | 330 Anglo-Celts and Greek-Australians of both sexes aged ≥ 70 from Melbourne.
(Australia) | 1990-92 to 1996 | 38? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) | RR = 0.98 (0.85-1.14) for a daily consumption of 20 g (adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women). | Age, sex, smoking status and ethnic origin. |
| 10) Knoops KT (2006) | The HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe).
(Including subjects of the SENECA and FINE study) | 2,044 men and, 1,049 women aged 70-90 from 10 European countries.
(The FINE Study included the survivors of 5 cohorts [from Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands] of The Seven Countries Study) | 10
(1988-2000) | See variables | All-cause mortality | Legumes/nuts/seeds (not defined) |
Total population
(1,384? cases) | Northern Europe
(796? cases) | Southern Europe
(588? cases) |
HR = 0.95 (0.86-1.04) for above median vs below median consumption.
HR = 1.10 (0.99-1.21) for an intake of > 30 vs ≤ 30 g a day.
|
HR = 1.00 (0.91-1.12) for above median vs below median consumption.
HR = 1.19 (1.07-1.34) for an intake of > 30 vs ≤ g a day.
|
HR = 0.99 (0.90-1.09) for above median vs below median consumption.
HR = 1.07 (0.90-1.27) for an intake of > 30 vs ≤ g a day.
|
Age, gender, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, chronic disease at baseline and study centre. |
| 10) Iestra J (2006) | The HALE
(Including the SENECA study, and the FINE study. The FINE study is an extension of "The Seven Countries Study" beyond the 25 years follow-up) | 462 men and women age ≥ 70 with a history of MI | 10 | Not defined (53% died) | All-cause mortality | Legumes, nuts, seeds (not defined) |
HR = 0.91 (0.70-1.18) for above vs below median consumption.
Stratified by sex:
| Men | Women |
| HR = 0.91 (0.67-1.23) for above vs below median consumption.
|
HR = 0.90 (0.52-1.55) for above vs below median consumption.
|
Stratified by latitude:
| Northern Europe | Southern Europe |
| HR = 1.03 (0.74-1.43) for above vs below median consumption.
|
HR = 0.74 (0.48-1.14) for above vs below median consumption.
|
Study, gender, age, years of education, BMI, history of diabetes or stroke, smoking, physical activity, alcohol |
| 6) Trichopoulou A (1995) | No cohort name. | 182 elderly residents (91 men, and 91 women) aged > 70 from 3 Greek villages. | 1988-90 to 1993-94 | 53? | All-cause mortality | Legumes (not defined) | RR = 0.90 (0.78-1.03; P = 0.13) for an increment of 20 g.
Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men, and 2000 kcal for women. | Age, sex, and smoking status. |
| 1) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | 1.668 black California men and women aged ≥ 25. | 1976-1985 | See variables | All-cause mortality | Legumes (dried of canned beans, lentils, split peas, etc,) |
Both sexes
(153? cases) | Men
(73? cases) | Women
(80? cases) |
HR = 0.8 (0.5-1.4) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use in times/week):
< 1: HR = 1.
1-2: HR = 0.9 (0.6-1.4).
> 2: HR = 0.8 (0.5-1.4).
|
HR = 0.6 (0.3-1.2) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use in times/week):
< 1: HR = 1.
1-2: HR = 0.8 (0.4-1.4).
> 2: HR = 0.6 (0.3-1.2).
|
HR = 1.4 (0.7-2.8) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of use in times/week):
< 1: HR = 1.
1-2: HR = 1.0 (0.5-1.9).
> 2: HR = 1.4 (0.7-2.8).
|
Age, smoking and exercise. |
| 1) Fraser GE (1997) | The Adventist Health Study | Non-Hispanic white Seventh Seventh Day Adventists aged ≥ 84.
At study baseline there were 603 subjects older than 84 years, and during a 12-year follow-up, these and intitially younger subjects contributed 11,828 person-years of observation in the oldest-old age range.
(USA) | 12
(1976-88) | 1,387?
(451 men, and 936 women) | All-cause mortality | Beans (not defined) |
| Total: | Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.97 (0.84-1.13) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (per week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 1.02 (0.89-1.17).
≥ 3: RR = 0.97 (0.84-1.13).
|
HR = 0.90 (0.69-1.16) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (per week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 0.94 (0.74-1.19).
≥ 3: RR = 0.90 (0.69-1.16).
|
HR = 1.01 (0.85-1.21) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (per week):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-2: RR = 1.06 (0.90-1.25).
≥ 3: RR = 1.01 (0.85-1.21).
|
Age and sex. |
| | | | | | |