| 22) Bonthuis M (2010) | No cohort name defined | 1,529 participants in a skin cancer prevention trial aged 25-78 from Nambour.
(Australia) | 14.4
(1992-96 to 2007) | 177 | All-cause mortality | Milk (skim milk, low-fat milk, and whole milk) |
HR = 0.93 (0.59-1.48; P = 0.78) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams):
0-198: HR = 1.
198-328: HR = 0.85 (0.54-1.33).
329-1500: HR = 0.93 (0.59-1.48). | Age, sex, total energy, BMI, alcohol, school leaving age, physical activity, pack years of smoking, dietary supplement use, beta-carotene treatment during trial and presence of any medical condition. |
| 21) van der Pols JC (2009) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 4,374 children (2,159 boys and 2,215 girls) aged 4-11 from England and Scotland. | 65
(1937-39 to 1948-2005) | 1,464 | All cause mortality | Milk (predominantly whole milk) |
HR = 0.77 (0.61-0.97; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mL):
< 118: HR = 1.
118-188: HR = 0.90 (0.78-1.05).
> 199-282: HR = 0.82 (0.70-0.95).
> 282: HR = 0.77 (0.61-0.97). | Age, sex, survey district, intake of fruit, vegetable, egg and egg dishes, protein, fat, and energy intake, household food expenditure in childhood, and Townsend deprivation score in adulthood. |
| 19) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,289 men, and 58,512 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 8,935 men, and
6,222 women. | Mortality from all causes | Milk (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.94 (0.89-0.98; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
1-4/w: HR = 0.92 (0.87-0.97; P = < 0.01).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.94 (0.89-0.98).
|
HR = 0.93 (0.88-0.99; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
1-4/w: HR = 0.92 (0.86-0.98; P = < 0.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.93 (0.88-0.99).
|
Age and study area. |
| 18) Paganini-Hill A (2007) | The Leisure World Cohort Study. | 8644 women and 4980 men from a California retirement community.
(USA) | 23
(1981-2004) | 11,386 | All-cause mortality | Milk (not defined) |
RR = 1.04 (0.98-1.10; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (glasses/day):
None: RR = 1.
< 1: RR = 0.95 (0.90-1.00).
1: RR = 1.01 (0.96-1.06).
≥ 2: RR = 1.04 (0.98-1.10). | Age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, alcohol intake and histories of hyptertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. |
| 17) Andersen LF. (2006) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 27,312 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15
(1986-2001) | 4,265 | Total mortality | Milk |
| Skim and low-fat milk | Whole milk |
HR = 0.94 (0.86-1.02; P = 0.61) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
0: RR = 1.
0.5-1: RR = 0.92 (0.82-1.03).
3-5.5: RR = 0.93 (0.85-1.02).
7: RR = 0.90 (0.82-0.98).
≥ 17.5: RR = 0.94 (0.86-1.02). |
HR = 1.08 (0.99-1.18; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
0: RR = 1.
0.5-1: RR = 1.05 (0.94-1.16).
≥ 3: RR = 1.08 (0.99-1.18). |
Age, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, education, physical activity, use of estrogens, use of multivitamin supplements, energy intake, and intakes of whole and refined grain, red meat, fish and seafood, and total fruit and vegetables. |
| 16) Elwood PC (2005) | The Caerphilly Cohort | 665 men aged 45-59. | 20
(1979-83 to 2001) | 225 | Total death | Milk (from drinks, breakfast cereals, milk in recipes, and dried milk) | Relative Odds = 1.08 (0.74-1.58; P = 0.67) for consumption ≥ vs < median.
Analyses of the men who had consumed full fat milk alone at baseline gave virtually identical results (data not shown). | Age, total energy, smoking, social class. |
| 16) Elwood PC (2004) | The Caerphilly Cohort | 2,512 men aged 45-59 from South Wales.
(UK) | 20-24
(1979-83 to 2000) | 811 | Death from any cause | Milk (Mostly whole milk. Liquid milk, not milk used in food preparation) |
HR = 1.20 (0.80-1.80; P = 0.51) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (L per day):
No milk: HR = 1.
≤ 0.285: HR = 0.99 (0.73-1.34).
> 0.285-< 0.57: HR = 0.98 (0.72-1.35).
≥ 0.57: HR = 1.20 (0.80-1.80). | Age, energy, smoking, social class, BMI, systolic blood pressure, consumption of alcohol and fat, and prior vascular disease |
| 14) Ness AR (2001) | No cohort name defined | 5,765 men aged 35-64.
(Scotland) | 25
(1970-73 to ?) | 2,350 | All cause mortality | Milk (not defined) |
RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.09; P = 0.005) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (litres/day):
< 0.189: RR = 1.
> 0.189 and < 0.757: RR = 0.90 (0.83-0.97).
> 0.757: RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.09). | Age, smoking, diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI, adjusted FEV1, social class, father’s social class, education, deprivation category, siblings, car user, angina, ECG ischaemia, bronchitis and alcohol consumption. |
| 10) Jamrozik K (2000) | The Perth Community Stroke Study | 790 controls from a previous case-control analysis with or without a history of CVD.
(Australia) | 4
(1990-91 to 1994) | 198? | Death from any cause | Type of milk (not defined) | No significant relationship was found with the use of full-fat as opposed to reduced-fat or skim milk (no data shown). | Sex and age. |
| 8) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study. | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 507 | All-cause mortality | Milk | RR = 0.93 (0.75-1.14; No P-value) for semiskimmed milk, and RR = 1.01 (0.80-1.26; No P-value) for skimmed milk (reference category = whole milk). | Gender, smoking and age. |
| 6) Mann JI (1997) | The Oxford Vegetarian Study. | 10,802 subjects (4102 men and 6700 women) aged 16-79.
(UK) | 13.3
(1980-84 to 1995) | 383 | All-cause mortality | Milk (not defined) |
Death rate ratio = 87 (68-113; P = Not Significant) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (pints per day):
< 0.5: DRR = 100.
0.5: DRR = 70 (55-88; P = < 0.01).
> 0.5: DRR = 87 (68-113). | Age, sex, smoking and social class. |
| 5) Fawzi W (1994) | No cohort name defined. | 28,753 children 6 mo to 6 y old.
(Sudan) | 18 months
(1988-?) | 232? | Death | Fresh milk | Background: Each household was visited every 6 mo for a maximum of 3 visits. Food consumption was assessed at each visit. Mothers recalled whether a child had consumed this food in the previous 24 h.
RR = 0.87 (0.74-1.01; No P-value). | Age, sex, wealth, maternal literacy, water in house, and region. |
| 3) Hirayama T (1990) | Not defined. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 55.523? (31.979 men, 23.544 women) | All cause mortality | Milk & goat milk | RR = 0.98 (90% CI = 0.97-1.00; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. | Age and sex. |
| 2) Nube M (1987) | No cohort name. | 2,820 Dutch civil servants of Amsterdam and their spouses aged 40-64 (1,394 men, and 1,426). | 25
(1953-54 to ?) | 742? men, and
448? women | Survival | Milk (not defined) |
Survival rates (%). Ml/day:
| Men | Women |
Amount specific data:
0: 46.2 +/- 1.6.
250: 47.2 +/- 3.1.
500-4,000: 47.1 +/- 2.2.
|
Amount specific data:
0: 68.9 +/- 1.3.
1: 66.3 +/- 2.8.
2-8: 68.6 +/- 3.6.
|
Age. |
| 1) Kahn HA (1984) | The Adventist Health Study. | 27,530 California members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church aged ≥ 30, including black, white and oriental subjects.
(USA) | 21
(1960-1980) | 6,180 | All-cause mortality | Milk (whole, low-fat and skim) |
| OR with consideration of lenght of survival | OR without consideration of lenght of survival |
OR = 1.02 (No 99% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (glasses/day):
< 1: OR = 1.00.
1-2: OR = 0.99.
≥ 3: OR = 1.02. |
OR = 0.98 (No 99% CI; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (glasses/day):
< 1: OR = 1.00.
1-2: OR = 0.96.
≥ 3: OR = 0.98. |
Age (15-year intervals), sex, history of disease (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, or cancer), age at initial exposure to the Adventist Church, and smoking history (never vs ever). |
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