| 20) Sinha R (2009) | The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study | 322,263 men, and 223,390 women.
(USA) | 10
(1995-2005) | Men: 47,976.
Women: 23,276. | All mortality | Red meat (all types of beef and pork, including bacon, beef, cold cuts, ham, hamburger, hotdogs, liver, pork, sausage, steak, and meats in foods such as pizza, chili, lasagna, and stew) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 1.31 (1.27-1.35; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
9.8: HR = 1.
21.4: HR = 1.06 (1.03-1.10).
31.3: HR = 1.14 (1.10-1.18).
42.8: HR = 1.21 (1.17-1.25).
62.5: HR = 1.31 (1.27-1.35).
Stratified by smoking status:
Never smokers: HR = 1.28 (1.19-1.38).
Former/current smokers: HR = 1.25 (1.20-1.30).
|
HR = 1.36 (1.30-1.43; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
9.8: HR = 1.
21.4: HR = 1.08 (1.03-1.22).
31.3: HR = 1.17 (1.12-1.22).
42.8: HR = 1.28 (1.23-1.34).
62.5: HR = 1.36 (1.30-1.43).
Stratified by smoking status:
Never smokers: HR = 1.36 (1.25-1.48).
Former/current smokers: HR = 1.28 (1.21-1.35).
|
Age, race, total energy intake, education, marital status, family history of cancer, BMI, smoking history, vigorous physical activity, alcohol intake, vitamin supplement user, and vegetable consumption. |
| 17) Kelemen LE (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 3,978? | All-cause mortality | Red meats (beef, pork, and processed meat) | RR = 1.16 (1.02-1.32; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.28 and 1.20) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 0.97.
Q3: RR = 0.98.
Q4: RR = 1.05.
Q5: RR = 1.16.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 10) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 468 | All-cause mortality | Fresh or frozen red meat other than processed meat (e.g. beef, lamb, pork) |
RR = 0.71 (0.55-0.92; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.86 (0.69-1.08).
4-7: RR = 0.71 (0.55-0.92).
Stratified by long-standing disease
| No | Yes |
RR = 0.89 (0.52-1.25; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.17 (0.81-1.69).
4-7: RR = 0.89 (0.52-1.25). |
RR = 0.63 (0.45-0.87; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.70 (0.53-0.94).
4-7: RR = 0.63 (0.45-0.87). |
Stratified by vigorous exercise
| No | Yes |
RR = 0.71 (0.52-0.95; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.92 (0.71-1.20).
4-7: RR = 0.71 (0.52-0.95). |
RR = 0.87 (0.46-1.64; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.67 (0.38-1.17).
4-7: RR = 0.87 (0.46-1.64). |
Gender, smoking and age. |
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