| 22) Bonthuis M (2010) | No cohort name defined | 1,529 participants in a skin cancer prevention trial aged 25-78 from Nambour.
(Australia) | 14.4
(1992-96 to 2007) | 177 | All-cause mortality | Total dairy (low-fat dairy [skim milk, low-fat milk, low-fat yoghurt, cottage or ricotta cheese], and high-fat dairy [whole milk, cream, ice cream, yoghurt, full-fat cheese and custard) |
HR = 0.82 (0.51-1.32; P = 0.26) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams):
8-270: HR = 1.
271-429: HR = 0.69 (0.44-1.07).
430-1580: HR = 0.82 (0.51-1.32).
Low-fat dairy
(177 cases) | Full-fat dairy
(177 cases) |
HR = 0.99 (0.64-1.52; P = 0.99) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams):
0-24: HR = 1.
25-240: HR = 0.99 (0.64-1.54).
240-1431: HR = 0.99 (0.64-1.52).
|
HR = 0.95 (0.59-1.52; P = 0.97) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (grams):
0-66: HR = 1.
66-216: HR = 1.00 (0.64-1.55).
217-1174: HR = 0.95 (0.59-1.52).
|
Age, sex, total energy, BMI, alcohol, school leaving age, physical activity, pack years of smoking, dietary supplement use, beta-carotene treatment during trial and presence of any medical condition. |
| 21) van der Pols JC (2009) | The Boyd Orr Cohort | 4,374 children (2,159 boys and 2,215 girls) aged 4-11 from England and Scotland. | 65
(1937-39 to 1948-2005) | 1,468 | All cause mortality | Total dairy (all liquid milks [predominantly whole milk], cream, cheese, ice creams, and milk puddings) |
HR = 0.77 (0.61-0.98; P = 0.04) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
89: HR = 1.
163: HR = 0.92 (0.79-1.07).
255: HR = 0.81 (0.69-0.95).
471: HR = 0.77 (0.61-0.98). | Age, sex, survey district, intake of fruit, vegetable, egg and egg dishes, protein, fat, and energy intake, household food expenditure in childhood, and Townsend deprivation score in adulthood. |
| 20) González S (2008) | Not defined. | 288 elderly people aged 60-85 from nursing homes in Asturias (Northern Spain) | 6
(1999-2002 to 2007) | 83 | All-cause mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | RR = 0.988 (0.750-1.302; P = 0.931) per 1 SD increase. | Age, gender, BMI, energy intake, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, chewing ability, physical activity, smoking, self perceived health, education level and institution. |
| 17) Kelemen LE (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study. | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 3,978? | All-cause mortality | Dairy (milk, cream, ice cream, yoghurt, and cheese) | RR = 1.10 (0.97-1.24; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.60 and 2.74 for dairy and eggs) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.03.
Q3: RR = 1.05.
Q4: RR = 0.98.
Q5: RR = 1.10.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 15) Trichopoulou A (2009) | The Greek segment of the EPIC Study | 23,349 men and women aged 20-86. | 8.5
(1994-97 to 2008) | 1,075? | All-cause mortality | Dairy products (not defined) |
Mortality Ratio = 1.069 (0.931-1.227; P = 0.345) for ≥ vs < median consumption (196.11 g/day for men, and 191.41 g/day for women). | Sex, age, education, smoking status, waist:hip ratio, BMI, MET score, total energy, and consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereals, fish and seafood, monounsaturated/saturated lipids ratio, meat and meat products, ethanol. |
| 15) Trichopoulou A (2006) | The EPIC Study. | 1,013 subjects taking drugs for diabetes mellitus at enrolment.
(Greece) | 4.5 | 80? (46 cardiovascular, 19 cancer, 15 other) | Mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | HR = 0.92 (0.71-1.19; P = 0.53) per increment of 150 g/day. | Gender, age, education, smoking, waist-to-height, hip circumference, MET score, treatment with insulin, treatment for hypertension, treatment for hypercholesterolaemia, vegetables, legumes/potatoes, fruits/nuts, cereals, meat products, fish/seafood, eggs, sugar/confectionery, soft drinks/juices, tea/coffee, ethanol, and olive oil. |
| 15) Trichopoulou A (2005) | The EPIC-elderly Study | 74,607 men and women aged ≥ 60 without a history of CHD, stroke, or cancer, and from 9 European countries.
(Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK) | Median 89 months.
(1992-2000 to 1999-2003) | 4,047? | Overall mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | Mortality ratio: 1.03 (0.99-1.07; No P-value) for an increment of 239 g/day. | Stratified by country and adjusted for sex, age, diabetes mellitus at baseline, BMI, educational achievement, smoking status, physical activity at occupation, physical activity at leisure, alcohol intake, and total energy intake. |
| 15) Trichopoulou A (2005) | The Greek part of the EPIC Study | 1,302 men and women aged 20-86 with CHD (MI and/or angina pectoris), and with or without diabetes mellitus.
(Greece) | 3.78
(1994-97 to 2003) | 131? | All-cause mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | MR = 1.34 (1.14-1.57) for an increment of 130 g/d. | Sex, age, previous treatment for hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus at enrollment, years of schooling, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio, metabolic equivalent score, BMI, and total energy |
| 15) Trichopoulou A (2003) | The Greek component of The EPIC Study. | 22,043 adults aged 20-86.
(Greece) | 3.7
(1994-99 to 2002) | 275? | All-cause mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | HR = 1.11 (0.98-1.26; No P-value) for an increment of 140 g/day. | Sex, age, waist-to-hip ratio, energy-expenditure score, education, smoking status and 5 categories of current smoker, BMI, and total energy. |
| 13) McCullough ML (2000) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 38,622 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 8
(1986-1994) | 3,119? | Risk of major chronic disease (defined as CVD, cancer, or death not resulting from trauma) | Milk (defined as milk, yoghurt, and cheese) | RR for a 5-point increase (representing more servings) = 1.03 (0.96-1.10).
Highest (10 points) vs lowest tertile (0 points) = 2 vs 0 servings/d respectively. | Each component of the healthy food index was added individually into the multivariate model, adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, diagnosis of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia at baseline, total energy intake, and time period. |
| 12) Fortes C. (2000) | Cohort name not defined | 161 elderly (52 men, and 109 women) ≥ 65 years. (Mean age 80) in Rome.
(Italy) | 5
(1993-1998) | 53? (21 men, and 32 women) | Overall mortality | Milk and yoghurt |
A protective effect: RR = 0.38 (0.14-1.01; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 0.51 (0.24-1.12).
> 3: RR = 0.38 (0.14-1.01). | age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, cognitive function, and chronic diseases. |
| 11) Lascheras C (2000) | No cohort name. | 161 nonsmoking elderly subjects aged 65-95 (74 aged < 80 y, and 87 aged ≥ 80) living in Asturias, Spain. | 9.5
(1989-1998) | 96?
(38 < 80 y, and 58 > or = 80 y) | All-cause mortality | Dairy (not defined) |
Stratified by age
| Subjects aged < 80. | Subjects aged ≥ 80. |
| RR = 0.63 (0.27-1.47; P = 0.29). | RR = 2.51 (1.22-5.15; P = 0.01). |
RRs are for a 20 g change.
Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women.Age, sex, BMI, albumin concentration, physical activity, self-assessment of health, and dieting for chronic conditions, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat. |
| 9) Kouris-Blazos A (1999) | Not defined. | 330 Anglo-Celts and Greek-Australians of both sexes aged ≥ 70 from Melbourne.
(Australia) | 1990-92 to 1996 | 38? | All-cause mortality | Dairy and milk products (not defined) | RR = 0.99 (0.95-1.02) for a daily consumption of 20 g (adjusted to 2500 kcal for men and 2000 kcal for women). | Age, sex, smoking status and ethnic origin. |
| 7) Knoops KT (2006) | The HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe).
(Including subjects of the SENECA and FINE study) | 2,044 men and, 1,049 women aged 70-90 from 10 European countries.
(The FINE Study included the survivors of 5 cohorts [from Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands] of The Seven Countries Study) | 10
(1988-2000) | See variables | All-cause mortality | Milk and milk products (not defined) |
Total population
(1,384? cases) | Northern Europe
(796? cases) | Southern Europe
(588? cases) |
| HR = 1.10 (1.00-1.21) for below median vs above median consumption.
|
HR = 1.10 (0.94-1.29) for below median vs above median consumption.
|
HR = 1.06 (0.87-1.28) for below median vs above median consumption.
|
Age, gender, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, chronic disease at baseline and study centre. |
| 7) Iestra J (2006) | The HALE
(Including the SENECA study, and the FINE study. The FINE study is an extension of "The Seven Countries Study" beyond the 25 years follow-up) | 462 men and women age ≥ 70 with a history of MI | 10 | Not defined (53% died) | All-cause mortality | Dairy (including milk, milk products and cheese) |
HR = 0.83 (0.64-1.09) for below vs above median consumption.
Stratified by sex:
| Men | Women |
| HR = 0.73 (0.53-1.07) for below vs above median consumption.
|
HR = 1.29 (0.74-1.34) for below vs above median consumption.
|
Stratified by latitude:
| Northern Europe | Southern Europe |
| HR = 0.68 (0.47-0.97; P = > 0.05) for below vs above median consumption.
|
HR = 1.07 (0.68-1.67) for below vs above median consumption.
|
Study, gender, age, years of education, BMI, history of diabetes or stroke, smoking, physical activity, alcohol |
| 7) Osler M (1997) | Part of the Euronut SENECA Study. | 202 elderly subjects (101 men and 101 women) from the Danish Municipality Roskilde. | 6
(1988-89 to 1995) | 52? | Total mortality | Dairy products (not defined) | No significant association: RR = 1.00 (0.99-1.01; No P-value) for a 20 g change.
Adjusted for energy (to 10.5 MJ for men, and 8.4 MJ in women).
The intake of milk in this population is high. | Age, sex, and smoking status. |
| 5) Fawzi W (1994) | No cohort name defined. | 28,753 children 6 mo to 6 y old.
(Sudan) | 18 months
(1988-?) | 232? | Death | Dairy (fresh milk, powdered milk, custard, butter, and cheese) | Background: Each household was visited every 6 mo for a maximum of 3 visits. Food consumption was assessed at each visit. Mothers recalled whether a child had consumed this food in the previous 24 h.
RR = 1.00 (0.72-1.38; No P-value) for the 90th vs 10th percentile of the distribution of vitamin A intake from this particular group (93 vs 0 RE/d). | Age, sex, wealth, maternal literacy, water in house, and region. |
| 4) Trichopoulou A (1995) | No cohort name. | 182 elderly residents (91 men, and 91 women) aged > 70 from 3 Greek villages. | 1988-90 to 1993-94 | 53? | All-cause mortality | Dairy (not defined) | RR = 1.04 (1.01-1.07; P = 0.01) for an increment of 20 g.
Adjusted to 2500 kcal for men, and 2000 kcal for women.
The Greek variant of the diet is low in milk, but consumption of cheese, and to a lesser extend yoghurt is high. Feta cheese is regularly added to most salads and vegetable stews. | Age, sex, and smoking status. |
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