| 28) Genkinger JM. (2004) | The Odyssey Cohort (= CLUE I + CLUE II). | 6,151 men and women aged 30-93 from Maryland.
(USA) | 1989-2002 | 910 (567 ever smokers, and 343 never smokers) | All cause mortality | Fruits and vegetables (apples, applesauce, pears, cantaloupes, oranges, grapefruit, and any other fruit such as bananas and fruit cocktail. Tomatoes, broccoli, spinach, mustard greens, turnip greens, collards, cabbage, carrots, mixed vegetables, green salads, sweet potatoes, yams, and any other vegetables such as green beans, corn, and peas. A second fruit and vegetable summary variable was created that additionally included juices such as orange and other fruits. Potatoes were excluded from both summary variables) |
| All subjects | Ever smokers | Never smokers |
HR = 0.63 (0.51-0.78; P = 0.0004) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/day):
0.87: HR = 1.
1.61: HR = 0.68 (0.55-0.84).
2.31: HR = 0.74 (0.60-0.90).
3.21: HR = 0.71 (0.58-0.87).
4.89: HR = 0.63 (0.51-0.78).
Low consumption:
HR for the highest 4 fifths compared with the lowest fifth of intake: 0.82 (0.75-0.90).
High consumption:
HR for ≥ 5 servings/day vs fewer: 0.80 (0.64-1.00).
Similar estimates were observed when juice intake was included in the summation of fruits and vegetables. |
HR = 0.77 (0.63-0.95; No P-value). for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T1: HR = 0.76 (0.62-0.93).
T1: HR = 0.77 (0.63-0.95). |
HR = 0.72 (0.55-0.95; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T1: HR = 0.94 (0.71-1.23).
T1: HR = 0.72 (0.55-0.95). |
Similar estimates were observed when results were stratified by gender and body mass index (data not shown).Age, body mass index, and cholesterol concentration (all variables).
Smoking status and energy (all subjects only).
Hypertension (stratified by smoking status only).
Marital status and education did not significantly alter the risk estimates and thus were not included in the multivariate models. |
| 25) Steffen LM. (2003) | The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. | 11,940 subjects aged 45-64.
(USA) | 11
(1987-89 to 1999) | 867 | All-cause mortality | Fruit and vegetables (fresh apples or pears, oranges, orange or grapefruit juice, peaches, apricots or plums, bananas, and other fruit, green beans, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, carrots, corn, spinach, collard or other greens, peas or lima beans, dark-yellow winter squash, sweet potatoes, beans or lentils, tomatoes, and potatoes [not including French fries]) |
RR = 0.78 (0.61-1.01; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/d):
1.5: HR = 1.
2.5: HR = 1.08 (0.88-1.33).
3.5: HR = 0.94 (0.75-1.17).
5.0: HR = 0.87 (0.68-1.10).
7.5: HR = 0.78 (0.61-1.01). | Age, race, sex, time-dependent energy intake, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, hormone replacement in women, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and use of antihypertensive medications. |
| 23) Rissanen TH. (2003) | The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. | 2,641 men aged 42-60.
(Finland) | 12.8
(1984-89 to 2000) | 485? | All-cause mortality | Fruits, berries and vegetables (including jams, nectars and juices, but excluding potatoes) |
RR = 0.74 (0.55-0.98; P = 0.002) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
< 133: RR = 1.
133-214: RR = 0.90 (0.70-1.15).
215-293: RR = 0.80 (0.61-1.05).
294-408: RR = 0.62 (0.46-0.83).
> 408: RR = 0.74 (0.55-0.98).
After additional adustment for dietary factors (energy, intakes of vitamin C and E, beta carotene, lycopene, folate and fiber:
RR = 0.76 (0.50-1.16; P = 0.021).
Amount specific data (g/d):
< 133: RR = 1.
133-214: RR = 0.90 (0.69-1.16).
215-293: RR = 0.80 (0.60-1.07).
294-408: RR = 0.63 (0.45-0.88).
> 408: RR = 0.76 (0.50-1.16).
| Age, examination years, urinary excretion of nicotine metabolites, alcohol, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, serum LDL, HDL and triglycerides, and maximal oxygen uptake. |
| 20) Bazzano LA. (2002) | The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. | 9,608 adults aged 25-74.
(USA) | 19
(1971-75 to 1992) | 2,530 | All-cause mortality | Fruit and vegetables (not defined, but fresh, canned, frozen, cooked, or raw, and juices) |
RR = 0.85 (0.72-1.00; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/d):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.06).
2: RR = 0.82 (0.71-0.94).
≥ 3: RR = 0.85 (0.72-1.00).
This association did not change after additional adjusmtent for BMI, cholesterol and blood pressure: RR = 0.89 (0.76-1.04; No P-value) or additional adjustment for dietary variables (including meat, poultry, fish and shellfish): RR = 0.86 (0.73-1.01; No P-value).
Stratified by sex, age, or race
| Men | Women | < 60 years of age | > or = 60 years of age | White | Nonwhite |
| RR = 0.82 (0.67-1.02; No P-value). |
RR = 0.89 (0.68-1.16; No P-value). |
RR = 0.78 (0.60-1.03; P = < 0.05). |
RR = 0.87 (0.73-1.05; No P-value). | RR = 0.82 (0.68-0.99; No P-value). |
RR = 0.95 (0.66-1.37; No P-value). |
Risk estimates were not significantly different across strata of smoking status, diabetic status, vitamin use, and physical activity (data not shown).age, sex, race, history of diabetes, physical activity, education level, regular alcohol consumption, current cigarette smoking at baseline, vitamin supplement use, and total energy intake. |
| 3) Rotevatn S. (1989) | No cohort name. | 10,187 men aged 35-74.
(Norway) | 1967-1978 | Total: 2,032.
Aged 35-54: 269.
Aged 55-64: 733.
Aged 65-74: 1,030. | Total mortality | Fruits and vegetables (not defined) | OR = 1.19 (No 95% CI; No P-value) for low vs high consumption (not defined).
After additional adjustment for cigarette smoking, alcohol, physical activity, bread, and potatoes: A significant association: OR = 1.23 (No 95% CI; No P-value).
Stratified by age group:
| 35-54 | 55-64 | 65-74 |
| OR = 1.18 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | OR = 1.00 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | OR = 1.44 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Age and other demographic factors, and time to events. |
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