| 19) Kelemen LE. (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study. | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 4,843? | Cancer incidence | Legumes (tofu, dried beans, nuts, and peanut butter) |
RRs are for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.08 and 0.56) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
RR = 1.05 (0.95-1.16; P = 0.34).
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.08.
Q3: RR = 0.98.
Q4: RR = 1.10.
Q5: RR = 1.05.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 18) Benetou V. (2008) | The Greek segment of the EPIC Study. | 25,623 subjects (10,582 men, and 15,041 women).
(Greece) | 7.9
(1994-99 to 2007) | 851
(421 men, and 430 women) | Total cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Legumes (not defined) | HR = 0.98 (0.92-1.05; No P-value) for an increment of 6 g/day. | Stratified by sex. Adjusted for age, years of schooling, smoking status, BMI, height, physical activity, ethanol intake, supplement use, and total energy intake. |
| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | Legumes (not defined) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.00 (0.88-1.16; No P-value). | RR = 0.99 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 1.03 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 0.97 (0.76-1.23; No P-value). | RR = 1.06 (0.86-1.30; No P-value). | RR = 0.96 (0.68-1.34; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.91 (0.72-1.15; No P-value). | RR = 1.04 (0.70-1.55; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
Prospective studies of legumes and total cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 21) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 41,816 men, and 57,985 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 3,451 men, and
2,074 women. | All cancer mortality | Boiled beans (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 1.05 (0.95-1.16) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.86 (0.78-0.94; P = < 0.01).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.05 (0.95-1.16).
|
HR = 1.01 (0.90-1.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.96 (0.85-1.08).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.01 (0.90-1.15).
|
Age and study area. |
| 19) Kelemen LE. (2005) | The Iowa Women's Health study. | 29,017 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 15 (1986-2000) | 1,676? | Cancer mortality | Legumes (tofu, dried beans, nuts, and peanut butter) |
RRs are for the highest vs lowest quintile (median servings per 1,000 kcal between extreme quintiles = 0.08 and 0.56) of substitution for an isoenergetic amount of all carbohydrate-rich foods*
RR = 1.23 (1.04-1.46; P = 0.02).
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: RR = 1.
Q2: RR = 1.17.
Q3: RR = 1.14.
Q4: RR = 1.23.
Q5: RR = 1.23.
*Carbohydrate rich foods [defined as: A composite of refined carbohydrates (rice, pasta, potatoes, refined cold breakfast cereal, muffins, snack foods, sweetened sodas, pizza, chocolate, candy, cakes, cookies, donuts, pastries, pies) and whole-grain carbohydrates (dark bread, brown rice, oatmeal, whole-grain breakfast cereal, bran, wheat germ, and other grains such as bulgar, kasha, and couscous)]. | Age, total energy, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans-fat, total fiber, dietary cholesterol, dietary methionine, alcohol, smoking, activity level, BMI, history of hypertension, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, education, family history of cancer, servings of fruits and vegetables excluding potatoes, legumes, dairy, eggs, red meats, poultry, and fish. |
| 18) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus.
(10 European Countries) | 9
(1992-2000 to 2007) | 319? | Cancer mortality | Legumes (not defined. including soy products) | No significant association: RR = 1.09 (0.96-1.24) for an increase of 20 g/d. | Stratified on age.
Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
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