Apples & Pears and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Data about apples was provided by 2 cohorts. A significant protective effect was found in both cohorts. A level of consumption for this effect was not defined for one cohort (6).

Conclusion: Significant protective effects of apples were found in 2 cohorts, one of which was of small size. Suggestive evidence was found for a protective effect of apples against risk of type 2 diabetes. No level of consumption could be defined for this effect.


Author	Cohort name	Subjects	Years of follow-up	Cases	End point	Consumption of	Relative Risk (RR)	Adjustments
8) Song Y (2005)	The Women's Health Study	38,018 women aged ≥ 45. (USA)	8.8 (1993-2003)	1,596	Type 2 diabetes incidence (according to ADA criteria)	Apples	RR = 0.72 (0.55-0.94; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. Amount specific data (apples): None: RR = 1. ≤ 1/wk: RR = 0.83 (0.70-0.98). 2-6/wk: RR = 0.73 (0.60-0.88). ≥ 1/d: RR = 0.72 (0.55-0.94).	Age, total energy intake, smoking, exercise, alcohol use, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, family history of diabetes, fiber, glycemic load, magnesium, and total fat.
6) Knekt P. (2002)	The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Cohort.	10,054 men and women.	28 (1967-1994)	526?	Type II diabetes risk	Apples	RR = 0.73 (0.57-0.92; P = 0.003). No data shown, but probably for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. The inverse association remained after adjustment for intake of vegetables and fruit other than apples.	Sex, and age.

Diabetes & Diet.

A systematic review.

Literature review

Relating various aspects of our
diet to type 2 diabetes.

Apples & Pears and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes & Diet.

A systematic review.

Literature review

Relating various aspects of ourdiet to type 2 diabetes.

Apples & Pears and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Relating various aspects of our
diet to type 2 diabetes.