| 13) Palmer JR (2008) | The Black Women's Health Study | 43,960 African American women aged 21-69.
(USA) | 10
(1995-2005) | 2,654 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Sweetened fruit drinks (fruit juices other than orange/grapefruit, fortified fruit drinks, Kool-Aid) |
IRR = 1.31 (1.13-1.52; P = 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.08 (0.96-1.22).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.08 (0.96-1.21).
1/d: IRR = 1.17 (1.02-1.33).
≥ 2/d: IRR = 1.31 (1.13-1.52).
The IRRs were essentially unchanged after controlling for BMI; for 2 or more drinks per day, the IRR was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.15-1.54). Additional control for total energy intake did not further affect the estimate: IRR = 1.32.
Stratified by age:
| < 40 y | ≥ 40 y |
IRR = 1.13 (0.91-1.41) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 0.94 (0.74-1.18).
2-6/wk: IRR = 0.94 (0.75-1.18).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.13 (0.91-1.41).
|
IRR = 1.25 (1.08-1.44) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.14 (0.99-1.31).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.13 (0.98-1.30).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.25 (1.08-1.44).
|
Stratified by BMI:
| < 25 | 25-29 | ≥ 30 |
IRR = 0.84 (0.56-1.25) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.15 (0.80-1.65).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.17 (0.82-1.67).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 0.84 (0.56-1.25).
|
IRR = 1.28 (1.02-1.60) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.29 (1.04-1.61).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.29 (1.04-1.60).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.28 (1.02-1.60).
|
IRR = 1.30 (1.11-1.52) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.00 (0.86-1.17).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.01 (0.86-1.18).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.30 (1.11-1.52).
|
Stratified by family history of diabetes:
| Family history of diabetes | No family history |
IRR = 1.18 (1.00-1.38) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.10 (0.94-1.28).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.04 (0.89-1.22).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.18 (1.00-1.38).
|
IRR = 1.29 (1.01-1.56) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 1.07 (0.89-1.30).
2-6/wk: IRR = 1.15 (0.96-1.39).
≥ 1/d: IRR = 1.29 (1.01-1.56).
|
A medium serving was defined as a 6-oz (168-g) glass.Age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, cigarette smoking, years of education, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, orange/grapefruit juice, red meat, processed meats, cereal fiber, coffee, and glycemic index. |
| 13) Palmer JR (2008) | The Black Women's Health Study | 43,960 African American women aged 21-69.
(USA) | 10
(1995-2005) | 2,691 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Orange or grapefruit juice |
IRR = 1.11 (0.92-1.35; P = 0.28) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (drinks):
< 1/mo: IRR = 1.
1-7/mo: IRR = 0.93 (0.83-1.05).
2-6/wk: IRR = 0.99 (0.88-1.11).
1/d: IRR = 0.99 (0.87-1.14).
≥ 2/d: IRR = 1.11 (0.92-1.35).
A medium serving was defined as a 6-oz (168-g) glass. | Age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, cigarette smoking, years of education, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, sweetened fruit drinks, red meat, processed meats, cereal fiber, coffee, and glycemic index. |
| 7) Schulze MB (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study II | 91,249 women aged 26-46. | 1991-99 | 741? | Type 2 diabetes risk [required at least 1 of the following: (1) an elevated plasma glucose concentration (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L [140 mg/dL], random plasma glucose11.1 mmol/L [200 mg/dL], and/or plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L [200 mg/dL] after ≥ hours during an oral glucose tolerance test) plus at least 1 classic symptom (excessive thirst, polyuria, weight loss, or hunger); (2) no symptoms but at least 2 elevated plasma glucose concentrations (by the aforementioned criteria) on different occasions; or (3) treatment with hypoglycemic medication (insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent)] | Fruit juice (apple juice, orange juice, grapefruit juice, and other juice) | RR = 0.97 (0.64-1.47; P = 0.84) for consumption > 1 drink/day vs < 1 drink/month. | Age; alcohol intake; physical activity; family history of diabetes; smoking; postmenopausal hormone use; oral contraceptive use; intake of cereal fiber, magnesium, trans-fat, and ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat; and consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and fruit juice. |
| 6) Montonen J (2007) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey | 4,304 men and women aged 40-60. | 12
(1967-72 to ?) | 175 | Type 2 diabetes (use of hypoglycemic agents) | Sweetened berry juice |
RR = 1.56 (1.08-2.26; P = 0.006) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
0: RR = 1.
7,5: RR = 0.68 (0.41-1.14).
21: RR = 0.95 (0.60-1.49).
51: RR = 1.56 (1.08-2.26). | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, geographic area, physical activity, family history of diabetes, prudent dietary pattern score, conservative pattern score, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, history of infarction, history of angina pectoris, and history of cardiac failure. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529 | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Fruit juices (included apple, orange, grapefruit, and other fruit juices) |
HR = 1.35 (1.22-1.50; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.2: HR = 1.
0.4: HR = 1.21 (1.10-1.33).
0.5: HR = 1.29 (1.17-1.42).
0.6: HR = 1.25 (1.14-1.38).
0.7: HR = 1.35 (1.22-1.50).
Stratified by BMI:
| < 25 | ≥ 25 |
| HR = 1.60 (1.18-2.16) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
HR = 1.33 (1.19-1.48) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
Stratified by physical activity:
| ≤ 1.5 h/week | > 1.5 h/day |
| HR = 1.34 (1.18-1.53) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
HR = 1.42 (1.18-1.73) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529? | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Apple juice | HR = 1.15 (1.08-1.22; P = < 0.001) for consumption > 3 vs < 1 cups/month. | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529? | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Grapefruit juice | HR = 1.14 (1.05-1.23; P = 0.001) for consumption > 3 vs < 1 cups/month. | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529? | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Orange juice | HR = 1.24 (1.10-1.39; P = < 0.001) for consumption ≥ 1 cup/day vs < 1 cup/month. | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
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