| 11) Villegas R (2008) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 64,191 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 4.6 | See variables | Type 2 diabetes incidence (reported having been diagnosed with T2D and met at least one of the following criteria: fasting glucose level ≥ 7 mmol/l on at least two separate occasions, or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a value ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, and/or use of hypoglycaemic medication (i.e., insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs).) | All fruit (apples, pears, citrus (tangerines, oranges, grapefruit), banana, grapes, watermelon, peaches, other (strawberries, cantaloupe)) |
Self-reported cases:
(1,605 cases) | Confirmed cases:
(896? cases) |
HR = 1.05 (0.90-1.23; P = 0.30) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.76 (0.65-0.88).
239.4: HR = 0.79 (0.67-0.92).
315.0: HR = 0.87 (0.74-1.02).
445.9: HR = 1.05 (0.90-1.23).
|
HR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16; P = 0.94) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.71 (0.58-0.88).
239.4: HR = 0.73 (0.59-0.90).
315.0: HR = 0.86 (0.70-1.05).
445.9: HR = 0.94 (0.76-1.16).
|
Stratified by BMI:
| < 25 | ≥ 25 |
HR = 1.18 (0.90-1.55; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.76 (0.58-0.99).
239.4: HR = 0.89 (0.68-1.17).
315.0: HR = 0.99 (0.76-1.30).
445.9: HR = 1.18 (0.90-1.55).
|
HR = 0.98 (0.81-1.18; P = 0.97) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.72 (0.60-0.87).
239.4: HR = 0.72 (0.59-0.87).
315.0: HR = 0.79 (0.65-0.96).
445.9: HR = 0.98 (0.81-1.18).
|
Stratified by waist-to-hip ratio:
| < 0.85 | ≥ 0.85 |
HR = 0.94 (0.77-1.16; P = 0.80) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.65 (0.53-0.81).
239.4: HR = 0.69 (0.55-0.81).
315.0: HR = 0.71 (0.58-0.89).
445.9: HR = 0.94 (0.77-1.16).
|
HR = 1.12 (0.89-1.42; P = 0.15) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.85 (0.67-1.06).
239.4: HR = 0.89 (0.70-1.12).
315.0: HR = 1.06 (0.84-1.33).
445.9: HR = 1.12 (0.89-1.42).
|
Stratified by physical activity:
| Low | Medium/high |
HR = 0.79 (0.57-1.08; P = 0.42) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.63 (0.47-0.86).
239.4: HR = 0.81 (0.60-1.09).
315.0: HR = 0.84 (0.62-1.13).
445.9: HR = 0.79 (0.57-1.08).
|
HR = 1.14 (0.95-1.36; P = 0.14) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
87.0: HR = 1.
170.4: HR = 0.80 (0.67-0.96).
239.4: HR = 0.77 (0.64-0.93).
315.0: HR = 0.87 (0.73-1.05).
445.9: HR = 1.14 (0.95-1.36).
|
Age, daily energy intake, meat intake, BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupational status, and hypertension. |
| 10) Mozaffarian D (2007) | The GISSI-Prevenzione Study | 8,287 Italian patients with myocardial infarction within the previous 3 months. | 3.5 | 998? | Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence (by either new use of diabetes medications [insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents] or a fasting glucose of 7 mmol/L or higher) | Fruit (not defined) | HR = 0.82 (0.60-1.11) | Not clearly defined but probably including: Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, previous acute MI, smoking status, days from acute MI to enrollment, NYHA Class, Angina CSS, exercise stress test, exercise capacity, inability to undergo exercise testing, fish oil, vitamin E, ACE inhibitor, Beta-blocker, diuretic, lipid-lowering medication. |
| 9) Hodge AM (2007) | The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | 31,641 men and women aged 27-75. | 4
(1990-1994) | 365? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (confirmed by a physician) | Fruit (not defined) | OR = 0.88 (0.66-1.19; P = 0.75) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined). | Adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, family history of diabetes, and country of birth. |
| 9) Hodge AM (2004) | The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | 31,641 men and women aged 40-69. | 4 | 365? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (confirmed by doctor) | Fruit (not defined) |
| Multivariate adjusted: | Additionally adjusted for BMI and WHR: |
OR = 0.75 (0.53-1.07; P = 0.3) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/day):
< 2.0: OR = 1.
2.0-3.9: OR = 0.72 (0.52-0.98).
4.0-5.9: OR = 0.70 (0.50-0.98).
≥ 6.0: OR = 0.75 (0.53-1.07).
|
OR = 0.85 (0.59-1.22; P = 0.6) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/day):
< 2.0: OR = 1.
2.0-3.9: OR = 0.81 (0.59-1.12).
4.0-5.9: OR = 0.82 (0.58-1.16).
≥ 6.0: OR = 0.85 (0.59-1.22).
|
Age, sex, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol intake, education level, weight change in the last 5 years, and energy intake. |
| 8) Liu S (2004) | The Women's Health Study | 38,018 female health professionals aged ≥ 45. | 8.8
(1993-2003) | 1,614 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | All fruits (not defined) |
| All women: | Overweight women (BMI ≥ 25)
(1,361 cases): |
RR = 0.97 (0.82-1.16; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings per day):
0.62: RR = 1.
1.32: RR = 0.93 (0.79-1.09).
1.91: RR = 0.87 (0.74-1.03).
2.62: RR = 0.94 (0.80-1.11).
3.91: RR = 0.97 (0.82-1.16).
|
RR = 0.91 (0.75-1.09; P = 0.31) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings per day):
0.62: RR = 1.
1.32: RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.04).
1.91: RR = 0.79 (0.66-0.94).
2.62: RR = 0.86 (0.72-1.03).
3.91: RR = 0.91 (0.75-1.09).
|
No significant findings were observed in the lower BMI group (BMI < 25; ~ 15% of all case subjects. Data not shown).Age, smoking, total calories, alcohol use, BMI, exercise, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes. |
| 6) Montonen J (2005) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey | 4,304 men and women aged 40-69. | 23
(1967-72 to 1995) | 383? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (users of drugs for diabetes) | Fruits and berries (not defined) |
RR = 0.69 (0.51-0.92; P = 0.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
< 33: RR = 1.
33-83: RR = 0.77 (0.58-1.02).
84-156: RR = 0.83 (0.63-1.10).
> 156: RR = 0.69 (0.51-0.92).
Effect modification: No significant interaction between food intake and age, sex, body mass index, or smoking was found (data not shown). | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, and geographic area. |
| 6) Montonen J (2005) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey | 4,304 men and women aged 40-69. | 23
(1967-72 to 1995) | 383? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (users of drugs for diabetes) | Fruit (not defined) |
RR = 0.82 (0.61-1.11; P = 0.21) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
< 20: RR = 1.
20-66: RR = 0.89 (0.67-1.18).
67-138: RR = 0.88 (0.66-1.17).
> 138: RR = 0.82 (0.61-1.11).
Effect modification: No significant interaction between food intake and age, sex, body mass index, or smoking was found (data not shown). | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, and geographic area. |
| 4) Meyer KA (2000) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 35,988 women aged 55-69. | 6
(1986-1992) | 1,141 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Total fruit (not defined) |
RR = 1.14 (0.93-1.39; P = 0.20) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 6.25: RR = 1.
6.5-10: RR = 1.05 (0.87-1.26).
10.1-13.5: RR = 1.00 (0.82-1.22).
13.6-19: RR = 1.08 (0.88-1.32).
> 19: RR = 1.14 (0.93-1.39). | Age, total energy intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, education, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. |
| 3) van Dam RM (2002) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study | 42,504 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 12
(1986-1998) | 1,321? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (required at least one of the following: 1) an elevated plasma glucose level (fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.8 mmol/L [≥ 140 mg/dL]; random plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L [≥ 200 mg/dL]; or plasma glucose level after 2 hours or more during an oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 11.1 mmol/L [≥ 200 mg/dL]) plus at least one classic symptom (excessive thirst, polyuria, weight loss, or hunger); 2) at least two elevated plasma glucose levels measured on different occasions; or 3) treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication.) | Fruit (not defined) | Not appreciably associated with risk (no data shown). | Age, BMI, total energy intake, time period, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, ancestry, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529 | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Fruit (excluding fruit juices) |
HR = 0.90 (0.80-1.00; P = 0.008) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
0.5: HR = 1.
0.9: HR = 1.04 (0.94-1.14).
1.2: HR = 0.99 (0.90-1.09).
1.7: HR = 0.96 (0.86-1.06).
2.5: HR = 0.90 (0.80-1.00). | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
| 3) Colditz GA (1992) | The Nurses' Health Study | 84,360 women aged 34-59.
(USA) | 6
(1980-86) | 702? | NIDDM incidence (report of one of the following: 1) at least one classical symptom (weight loss, hunger, thirst, polyuria, or pruritis) plus a plasma fasting glucose concentration ≥ 7.77 mmol/L or a random plasma glucose ≥ 11.10 mmol/L, or 2) at least two elevated plasma glucose concentrations ≥ 11.10 mmol/L in the absence of symptoms.) | Fruit (not defined) | Among women with a BMI < 29 [n = 252? cases]:
RR = 1.15 (0.72-1.84; P = 0.88) for consumption ≥ 3 vs < 0.6 servings/d. | BMI, alcohol intake, energy intake, and prior weight change. |
| 1) Lundgren H (1989) | No cohort name. | 1,361 women aged 38-60 from Gothenburg, Sweden.
(Nested case-control) | 12
(1968-69 to 1980-81) | 40? | Diabetes mellitus incidence (diagnosed by a doctor, or if they had two fasting venous or capillary whole blood glucose values ≥ 7.0 mmol/L.) | Fruits (not defined) | No significant difference in consumption was found between cases (114 g/d) and controls (128 g/d). | Unadjusted. |
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