| 8) Liu S (2004) | The Women's Health Study | 38,018 female health professionals aged ≥ 45. | 8.8
(1993-2003) | 1.614 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, lettuce) |
| All women: | Overweight women (BMI ≥ 25)
(1,361 cases): |
RR = 0.96 (0.81-1.13; P = 0.25) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings per day):
0.14: RR = 1.
0.35: RR = 0.92 (0.79-1.08).
0.56: RR = 0.93 (0.79-1.09).
0.92: RR = 0.84 (0.72-0.99).
1.42: RR = 0.96 (0.81-1.13).
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RR = 0.86 (0.72-1.02; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings per day):
0.14: RR = 1.
0.35: RR = 0.92 (0.78-1.08).
0.56: RR = 0.85 (0.72-1.01).
0.92: RR = 0.80 (0.68-0.96).
1.42: RR = 0.86 (0.72-1.02).
|
No significant findings were observed in the lower BMI group (BMI < 25; ~ 15% of all case subjects. Data not shown).Age, smoking, total calories, alcohol use, BMI, exercise, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes. |
| 6) Montonen J (2005) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey | 4,304 men and women aged 40-69. | 23
(1967-72 to 1995) | 383? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (users of drugs for diabetes) | Green vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 0.69 (0.50-0.93; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
< 11: RR = 1.
11-24: RR = 0.92 (0.71-1.21).
25-43: RR = 0.91 (0.69-1.20).
> 43: RR = 0.69 (0.50-0.93).
Effect modification: No significant interaction between food intake and age, sex, body mass index, or smoking was found (data not shown). | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, and geographic area. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529 | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Green leafy vegetables (included spinach, kale, and lettuces) |
HR = 0.90 (0.82-1.00; P = 0.010) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quintiles not defined):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.00 (0.91-1.10).
Q3: HR = 1.02 (0.93-1.11).
Q4: HR = 0.93 (0.85-1.03).
Q5: HR = 0.90 (0.82-1.00). | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
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