| 11) Villegas R (2008) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 64,191 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 4.6 | See variables | Type 2 diabetes incidence (reported having been diagnosed with T2D and met at least one of the following criteria: fasting glucose level ≥ 7 mmol/l on at least two separate occasions, or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a value ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, and/or use of hypoglycaemic medication (i.e., insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs).) | Green/leafy vegetables (greens, Chinese greens, spinach) |
Self-reported cases:
(1,605 cases) | Confirmed cases:
(896? cases) |
HR = 0.82 (0.71-0.85; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
28.0: HR = 1.
51.3: HR = 0.78 (0.68-0.91).
70.7: HR = 0.61 (0.52-0.71).
94.1: HR = 0.58 (0.49-0.68).
136.1: HR = 0.82 (0.71-0.95).
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HR = 0.78 (0.64-0.96; P = < 0.01) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
28.0: HR = 1.
51.3: HR = 0.86 (0.70-1.04).
70.7: HR = 0.69 (0.56-0.85).
94.1: HR = 0.67 (0.54-0.82).
136.1: HR = 0.78 (0.64-0.96).
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Age, daily energy intake, meat intake, BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupational status, and hypertension. |
| 2) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 946? (454 men, 492 women) | Diabetes mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) | Age and sex-adjusted RR = 1.00 (90% CI = 0.88-1.12; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk.
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 0.71.
Meat: RR = 2.53 (P = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 0.66 (P = < 0.05).
Alcohol: RR = 1.34. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 0.81 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 1.13.
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 0.83. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption ≥ 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
See variables. |
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