| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 11) Villegas R (2008) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 64,227 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 4.6
(1997-2000 to 2004) | 1,605 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence (self-reported) | All legumes (soybeans, peanuts, and other legumes) |
RR = 0.62 (0.51-0.74; P = < 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
12.3: RR = 1.
21.7: RR = 0.73 (0.63-0.85).
30.5: RR = 0.72 (0.62-0.84).
42.1: RR = 0.61 (0.52-0.72).
65.0: RR = 0.62 (0.51-0.74).
Effect modification: Consumption of legumes was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 DM among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The associations of legume consumption with risk of type 2 DM were not modified by BMI or WHR.
| Age, energy intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, alcohol consumption, vegetable intake, fiber, physical activity, income level, educational level, occupation, and hypertension. |
| 11) Villegas R (2008) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 64,227 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 4.6
(1997-2000 to 2004) | 1,605 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence (self-reported) | Legumes other than peanuts and soybeans |
RR = 0.76 (0.64-0.90; P = < 0.0001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
5.6: RR = 1.
10.7: RR = 0.78 (0.67-0.91).
15.5: RR = 0.78 (0.67-0.91).
22.3: RR = 0.78 (0.67-0.92).
37.1: RR = 0.76 (0.64-0.90).
Effect modification: Consumption of legumes was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 DM among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The associations of legume consumption with risk of type 2 DM were not modified by BMI or WHR. | Age, energy intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, smoking, alcohol consumption, vegetable intake, fiber, physical activity, income level, educational level, occupation, and hypertension. |
| 9) Hodge AM (2004) | The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | 31,641 men and women aged 40-69. | 4 | 365? | Type 2 diabetes incidence (confirmed by doctor) | Legumes (not defined) |
| Multivariate adjusted: | Additionally adjusted for BMI and WHR: |
OR = 1.10 (0.82-1.47; P = 0.6) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/week):
< 2.0: OR = 1.
2.0-3.4: OR = 1,05 (0.80-1.39).
3.5-4.9: OR = 0.78 (0.55-1.12).
≥ 5.0: OR = 1.10 (0.82-1.47).
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OR = 1.09 (0.81-1.47; P = 0.7) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (times/week):
< 2.0: OR = 1.
2.0-3.4: OR = 1.08 (0.81-1.43).
3.5-4.9: OR = 0.81 (0.56-1.16).
≥ 5.0: OR = 1.09 (0.81-1.47).
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Age, sex, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol intake, education level, weight change in the last 5 years, and energy intake. |
| 8) Liu S (2004) | The Women's Health Study | 38,018 female health professionals aged ≥ 45. | 8.8
(1993-2003) | 1,613 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Legumes |
RR = 1.12 (0.95-1.33; P = 0.20) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings per day):
0.13: RR = 1.
0.21: RR = 1.00 (0.83-1.20).
0.29: RR = 1.21 (1.03-1.42).
0.50: RR = 1.06 (0.89-1.26).
0.86: RR = 1.12 (0.95-1.33).
No significant findings were observed in the lower BMI group (BMI < 25; ~ 15% of all case subjects. Data not shown). | Age, smoking, total calories, alcohol use, BMI, exercise, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes. |
| 4) Meyer KA (2000) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 35,988 women aged 55-69. | 6
(1986-1992) | 1,141 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Mature beans (not defined) |
RR = 0.96 (0.76-1.20; P = 0.85) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Servings/wk):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-2: RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.23).
2.25-3: RR = 1.06 (0.85-1.31).
3.5-4.5: RR = 1.10 (0.89-1.36).
> 4.5: RR = 0.96 (0.76-1.20). | Age, total energy intake, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, education, pack-years of smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. |
| 3) Bazzano LA (2008) | The Nurses Health Study | 71,346 women aged 38-63.
(USA) | 18
(1984-2002) | 4,529 | Type 2 diabetes risk (any one of the following criteria was met: 1) one or more classic symptoms of diabetes and reported elevated plasma glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l [140 mg/dl] or randomly measured plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l [200 mg/dl]), 2) reported elevated plasma glucose on at least two occasions in the absence of symptoms, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin) | Legumes (included tofu, peas, and beans) |
HR = 1.14 (1.03-1.25; P = 0.09) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Quintiles not defined):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.14 (1.03-1.25).
Q3: HR = 1.12 (1.02-1.23).
Q4: HR = 1.13 (1.02-1.24).
Q5: HR = 1.14 (1.03-1.25). | Age, BMI, physical activity, family history of diabetes, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol use, smoking, total energy intake, whole grains, nuts, processed meats, coffee, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. |
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