Data about tomatoes was provided by 2 cohorts. A significantly increased type 2 diabetes risk of the lowest level of consumption was found in one cohort (11), but no association with any tomato item was found in the other cohort (8).
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11) Villegas R (2008) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 64,191 women aged 40-70. (China) | 4.6 | See variables | Type 2 diabetes incidence (reported having been diagnosed with T2D and met at least one of the following criteria: fasting glucose level ≥ 7 mmol/l on at least two separate occasions, or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a value ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, and/or use of hypoglycaemic medication (i.e., insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs).) | Tomatoes |
Age, daily energy intake, meat intake, BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupational status, and hypertension. |
8) Wang L (2006) | The Women's Health Study | 35,783 primarily Caucasian (94%) women aged ≥ 45. | (USA) 10.2 | 1,544 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Combined tomato products (tomatoes, tomato juice, tomato sauce, pizza) |
RR = 1.04 (0.80-1.36; P = 0.54) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption. | Amount specific data (servings/wk): < 1.5: RR = 1. 1.5-< 4: RR = 1.03 (0.88-1.20). 4-< 7: RR = 1.02 (0.87-1.20). 7-< 10: RR = 1.09 (0.89-1.33). ≥ 10: RR = 1.04 (0.80-1.36). Effect modification: Subgroup results were similar to the overall results in analysis stratified by BMI (< 30, ≥ 30), history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. One serving: 1 tomato for tomatoes; 1 small glass for tomato juice; 1/2 cup or 118 mL for tomato sauce; and 2 slices for pizza. Age, energy, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, family history of diabetes, postmenopause, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
8) Wang L (2006) | The Women's Health Study | 35,783 primarily Caucasian (94%) women aged ≥ 45. | (USA) 10.2 | 1,544 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Tomatoes |
RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.22; P = 0.19) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (servings): None: RR = 1. 1-3/month: RR = 0.81 (0.64-1.03). 1-4/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.76-1.17). ≥ 5/wk: RR = 0.95 (0.74-1.22). Effect modification: Subgroup results were similar to the overall results in analysis stratified by BMI (< 30, ≥ 30), history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. One serving = 1 tomato. Age, energy, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, family history of diabetes, postmenopause, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
8) Wang L (2006) | The Women's Health Study | 35,783 primarily Caucasian (94%) women aged ≥ 45. | (USA) 10.2 | 1,544 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Tomato juice |
RR = 0.93 (0.74-1.15; P = 0.74) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (servings): None: RR = 1. 1-3/month: RR = 1.00 (0.88-1.13). 1/wk: RR = 1.11 (0.94-1.31). ≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.93 (0.74-1.15). Effect modification: Subgroup results were similar to the overall results in analysis stratified by BMI (< 30, ≥ 30), history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. One serving = 1 small glass. Age, energy, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, family history of diabetes, postmenopause, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
8) Wang L (2006) | The Women's Health Study | 35,783 primarily Caucasian (94%) women aged ≥ 45. | (USA) 10.2 | 1,544 | Type 2 diabetes incidence (self-reported) | Tomatoes sauce |
RR = 1.03 (0.84-1.26; P = 0.56) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (servings): None: RR = 1. 1-3/month: RR = 0.97 (0.81-1.17). 1/wk: RR = 1.01 (0.84-1.21). ≥ 2/wk: RR = 1.03 (0.84-1.26). Effect modification: Subgroup results were similar to the overall results in analysis stratified by BMI (< 30, ≥ 30), history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. One serving = 1/2 cup or 118 mL. Age, energy, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, family history of diabetes, postmenopause, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, and history of hypercholesterolemia. |
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